{"id":11545,"date":"2021-02-09T12:10:38","date_gmt":"2021-02-09T18:10:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/topics\/birth-control-side-effects\/"},"modified":"2024-07-31T17:36:34","modified_gmt":"2024-07-31T22:36:34","slug":"%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%b1%d0%be%d1%87%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b5-%d1%8d%d1%84%d1%84%d0%b5%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%8b-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%be%d1%82%d0%b8%d0%b2%d0%be%d0%b7%d0%b0%d1%87%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%be%d1%87%d0%bd%d1%8b%d1%85-20","status":"publish","type":"topics","link":"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/ru\/topic\/birth-control-side-effects\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041f\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Click a topic to learn more about the following birth control side effects:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/topic\/autoimmune\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Autoimmune<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/topic\/blood-clots\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Blood clots<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/topic\/cancer\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cancer<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/topic\/copper-toxicity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Copper toxicity<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/topic\/depression\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Depression<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/topic\/hiv-transmission\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">HIV transmission<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/topic\/libido\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Libido<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/topic\/weight-gain\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Weight gain<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-birth-control-side-effects\"><span id=\"birth-control-side-effects\">Birth control side effects<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Many women dislike the idea of ingesting artificial hormones or of having devices implanted in their bodies. Increasingly, the effects of hormonal birth control and other forms of contraception on women\u2019s health and wellbeing are becoming more evident.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some of the side effects resulting from the use of hormonal contraceptives include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>loss of libido<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>rashes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>discoloration of the skin (melasma\/chloasma)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>changes in weight or appetite<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nausea, vomiting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>migraines<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mood changes, including depression<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>aggravation of varicose veins<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>gastrointestinal symptoms (pain, cramps, bloating)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>spotting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>vaginitis (yeast infection)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>vitamin deficiencies<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>water retention<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>vision impairment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>liver malfunction (jaundice)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Further, numerous studies show increased risk of cancer and increased risk of blood clots resulting from the use of hormonal contraceptives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thousands of lawsuits have been filed in recent years against manufacturers of various birth control pills for serious health complications suffered, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Heart attack<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stroke<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Deep vein thrombosis (blood clots in legs)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pulmonary embolism (blockages in the lungs)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gallbladder disease<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Likewise, thousands of women have filed claims against the manufacturers of the Mirena\u00ae IUD (intrauterine devices) for serious side effects. In general, IUDs increase risk of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ectopic pregnancy (tubal pregnancy)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pelvic inflammatory disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Abnormal bleeding<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Infection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Displacement of the device, which can lead to serious complications.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>So many women reported adverse reactions to the Essure\u00ae sterilization procedure that its manufacturer <a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/bayer-essure-birth-control-device-damages-settlement-2020\/\">paid out<\/a> $1, 600,000,000 to settle claims of damages and it was <a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/essure-bayer-birth-control-bleeding-edge-netflix-documentary-health-risks-08012018\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">pulled from the market <\/a>in 2018. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Users of the copper IUD Paragard\u00ae have reported symptoms of <a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/is-copper-iud-toxic-painful-cause-hormone-imbalance-side-effects-thyroid-natural-birth-control-08112018\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">copper toxicity<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To learn more about birth control side effects, see the articles below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Women seeking to avoid birth control side effects can learn more about <a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/learn\/natural-birth-control-methods\/#natural-methods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">fertility awareness methods<\/a> as natural alternatives to pharmaceutical birth control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mirena, Essure are registered trademarks of Bayer. Paragard is a registered trademark of CooperSurgical, Inc<em>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-references\"><span id=\"references\"><em>References<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Click a subtopic below to view scientific references for each of the following items and their connections to birth control use.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:15px;}.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;background:#2b3468;color:#FFFFFF;padding-top:10px;padding-right:14px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:14px;}.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#FFFFFF;}.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#FFFFFF;}.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#2b3468;}.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{color:#FFFFFF;background:#2b3468;border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion--visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#FFFFFF;}.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#FFFFFF;}.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#2b3468;}.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:#ffffff;background:#2b3468;border-top-color:#444444;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#444444;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#444444;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#444444;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#2b3468;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#444444;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#444444;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#444444;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#444444;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:15px;}.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#444444;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#444444;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#444444;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#444444;border-left-style:solid;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id11545_56083f-ca kt-accordion-has-2-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"false\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane11545_b9fd89-96\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Autoimmune<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>CROHN\u2019S DISEASE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Boyko&nbsp;EJ, Theis MK, Vaughan TL, and Nicol-Blades B.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8030630\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease associated&nbsp;with oral contraceptive use.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>American Journal of Epidemiology&nbsp;<\/em>1994; 140:268\u2013278.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Calkins BM,&nbsp;Mendeloff&nbsp;AI, and Garland C.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3721134\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Inflammatory bowel disease in oral contraceptive users.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Gastroenterology&nbsp;<\/em>1986; 91: 523\u2013524.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cornish JA, Tan E,&nbsp;Simillis&nbsp;C, Clark SK,&nbsp;Teare&nbsp;J, and&nbsp;Tekkis&nbsp;PP.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18684177\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The risk of oral contraceptives in the etiology of&nbsp;inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>American Journal of<\/em><em>&nbsp;<\/em><em>Gastroenterology&nbsp;<\/em>2008; 103:2394\u20132400.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Corrao G,&nbsp;Tragnone&nbsp;A,&nbsp;Caprilli&nbsp;R,&nbsp;Trallori&nbsp;G,&nbsp;Papi&nbsp;C,&nbsp;Andreoli&nbsp;A, Di Paolo M,&nbsp;Riegler&nbsp;G,&nbsp;Rigo&nbsp;GP,&nbsp;Ferra\u00f9&nbsp;O, Mansi&nbsp;C,&nbsp;Ingrosso&nbsp;M, and&nbsp;Valpiani&nbsp;D.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9698126\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Risk of inflammatory bowel disease attributable to smoking, oral contraception&nbsp;and breastfeeding in Italy: a nationwide case-control study.&nbsp;Cooperative Investigators of the Italian Group for&nbsp;the Study of the Colon and the Rectum (GISC).<\/a>&nbsp;<em>International Journal of Epidemiology&nbsp;<\/em>1998; 27:397\u2013404.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Garc\u00eda Rodr\u00edguez LA, Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e9rez A, Johansson S, and Wallander MA.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16097997\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Risk factors for inflammatory bowel&nbsp;disease in the general population<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Alimentary Pharmacology &amp;<\/em><em>&nbsp;<\/em><em>Therapeutics&nbsp;<\/em>2005; 22:309\u2013315.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Godet PG, May GR, and Sutherland LR.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8549943\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Meta-analysis of the role of oral contraceptive agents in inflammatory&nbsp;bowel disease<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Gut&nbsp;<\/em>1995; 37:668\u2013673.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Halfvarson&nbsp;J, Jess T, Magnuson A, Montgomery SM,&nbsp;Orholm&nbsp;M,&nbsp;Tysk&nbsp;C, Binder V, and&nbsp;J\u00e4rnerot&nbsp;G.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17012962\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Environmental&nbsp;factors in inflammatory bowel disease: a co-twin control study of a Swedish-Danish twin&nbsp;population.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Inflammatory Bowel Disease&nbsp;<\/em>2006; 12:925\u2013933.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Han DY, Fraser AG, Dryland P, and Ferguson LR.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19751746\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Environmental factors in the development of chronic&nbsp;inflammation: a case-control study on risk factors for Crohn\u2019s disease within New Zealand<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Mutation Research<\/em>&nbsp;2010; 690:116\u2013122.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Katschinski&nbsp;B.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8464399\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Smoking and ovulation inhibitor in&nbsp;inflammatory&nbsp;bowel diseases].<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Medizinische<\/em><em>&nbsp;<\/em><em>Klinik<\/em><em>&nbsp;(Munich,<\/em><em>&nbsp;<\/em><em>Germany)&nbsp;<\/em>88 Suppl 1993; 1:5\u20138.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Khalili H, Higuchi LM,&nbsp;Ananthakrishnan&nbsp;AN, Richter JM,&nbsp;Feskanich&nbsp;D, Fuchs CS, and Chan AT.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22619368\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oral&nbsp;contraceptives, reproductive factors and risk of inflammatory bowel disease<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Gut&nbsp;<\/em>2013; 62:1153\u20131159.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lashner&nbsp;BA, Kane SV, and&nbsp;Hanauer&nbsp;SB.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2583410\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lack of association between oral contraceptive use and Crohn\u2019s disease:&nbsp;a community-based matched case-control study<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Gastroenterology&nbsp;<\/em>1989; 97:1442\u20131447.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lesko SM, Kaufman DW, Rosenberg L, Helmrich SP, Miller DR,&nbsp;Stolley&nbsp;PD, and Shapiro S.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/4043662\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Evidence for an&nbsp;increased risk of Crohn\u2019s disease in oral contraceptive users.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Gastroenterology&nbsp;<\/em>1985; 89:1046\u20131049.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Logan RF and Kay CR.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2722351\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oral contraception, smoking and inflammatory bowel disease\u2014findings in the Royal&nbsp;College of General Practitioners Oral Contraception Study<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>International Journal of Epidemiology&nbsp;<\/em>1989; 18:&nbsp;105\u2013107.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lowe AM, Roy PO, Poulin M, Michel P,&nbsp;Bitton&nbsp;A, St-Onge L, and Brassard P.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18942744\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Epidemiology of Crohn\u2019s disease in&nbsp;Quebec, Canada<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Inflammatory Bowel Disease&nbsp;<\/em>2009; 15:429\u2013435.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ng SC, Woodrow S, Patel N,&nbsp;Subhani&nbsp;J, and Harbord M.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21557397\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Role of genetic and environmental factors in British&nbsp;twins with inflammatory bowel disease<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Inflammatory Bowel Disease&nbsp;<\/em>2012; 18:725\u2013736.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Persson PG,&nbsp;Leijonmarck&nbsp;CE,&nbsp;Bernell&nbsp;O, Hellers G, and&nbsp;Ahlbom&nbsp;A.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8505183\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Risk indicators for inflammatory bowel&nbsp;disease<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>International Journal of Epidemiology&nbsp;<\/em>1993; 2(2):268\u2013272.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sandler RS,&nbsp;Wurzelmann&nbsp;JI, and Lyles CM.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/1637902\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oral contraceptive use and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Epidemiology&nbsp;<\/em>1992; 3:374\u2013378.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vcev&nbsp;A,&nbsp;Pezerovic&nbsp;D, Jovanovic Z,&nbsp;Nakic&nbsp;D,&nbsp;Vcev&nbsp;I, and&nbsp;Majnari\u0107&nbsp;L.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25821054\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A retrospective, case-control study on&nbsp;traditional environmental risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease in&nbsp;Vukovar-Srijem&nbsp;County, north-eastern&nbsp;Croatia 2010<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Wiener&nbsp;<\/em><em>Klinische<\/em><em>&nbsp;<\/em><em>Wochenschrift<\/em><em>&nbsp;<\/em>2015; 127:345\u2013354.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vessey&nbsp;M, Jewell D, Smith A,&nbsp;Yeates&nbsp;D, and McPherson K.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3084016\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Chronic inflammatory bowel disease, cigarette&nbsp;smoking, and use of oral contraceptives: findings in a large cohort study of women of childbearing age<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>British<\/em>&nbsp;<em>Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition)&nbsp;<\/em>1986; 292:1101\u20131113.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ULCERATIVE COLITIS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Boyko EJ, Theis MK, Vaughan TL, and Nicol-Blades B.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8030630\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease associated&nbsp;with oral contraceptive use<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>American Journal of Epidemiology&nbsp;<\/em>1994; 140:268\u2013278.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Calkins BM,&nbsp;Mendeloff&nbsp;AI, and Garland C.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3721134\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Inflammatory bowel disease in oral contraceptive users<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Gastroenterology&nbsp;<\/em>1986; 91:523\u2013524.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cornish JA, Tan E,&nbsp;Simillis&nbsp;C, Clark SK,&nbsp;Teare&nbsp;J, and&nbsp;Tekkis&nbsp;PP<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18684177\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">.&nbsp;The risk of oral contraceptives in the etiology of&nbsp;inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>American Journal of Gastroenterology&nbsp;<\/em>2008; 103:2394\u20132400.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Corrao G,&nbsp;Tragnone&nbsp;A,&nbsp;Caprilli&nbsp;R,&nbsp;Trallori&nbsp;G,&nbsp;Papi&nbsp;C,&nbsp;Andreoli&nbsp;A, Di Paolo M,&nbsp;Riegler&nbsp;G,&nbsp;Rigo&nbsp;GP,&nbsp;Ferra\u00f9&nbsp;O, Mansi&nbsp;C,&nbsp;Ingrosso&nbsp;M, and&nbsp;Valpiani&nbsp;D.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9698126\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Risk of inflammatory bowel disease attributable to smoking, oral contraception&nbsp;and breastfeeding in Italy: a nationwide case-control study. Cooperative Investigators of the Italian Group for&nbsp;the Study of the Colon and the Rectum (GISC)<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>International Journal of Epidemiology&nbsp;<\/em>1998; 27:397\u2013404.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Garc\u00eda Rodr\u00edguez LA, Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e9rez A, Johansson S, and Wallander MA.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16097997\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Risk factors for inflammatory bowel&nbsp;disease in the general population<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics&nbsp;<\/em>2005; 22:309\u2013315.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Godet PG, May GR, and Sutherland LR.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8549943\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Meta-analysis of the role of oral contraceptive agents in inflammatory&nbsp;bowel disease<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Gut&nbsp;<\/em>1995; 37:668\u2013673.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Halfvarson&nbsp;J, Jess T, Magnuson A, Montgomery SM,&nbsp;Orholm&nbsp;M,&nbsp;Tysk&nbsp;C, Binder V, and&nbsp;J\u00e4rnerot&nbsp;G.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17012962\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Environmental factors in inflammatory bowel disease: a co-twin control study of a Swedish-Danish twin&nbsp;population<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Inflammatory Bowel Disease&nbsp;<\/em>2006; 12:925\u2013933.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Khalili H, Higuchi LM,&nbsp;Ananthakrishnan&nbsp;AN, Richter JM,&nbsp;Feskanich&nbsp;D, Fuchs CS, and Chan AT.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22619368\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oral&nbsp;contraceptives, reproductive factors and risk of inflammatory bowel disease<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Gut&nbsp;<\/em>2013; 62:1153\u20131159.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lashner&nbsp;BA, Kane SV, and&nbsp;Hanauer&nbsp;SB.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2394326\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lack of association between oral contraceptive use and ulcerative&nbsp;colitis<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Gastroenterology&nbsp;<\/em>1990; 99:1032\u201336.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Logan RF and Kay CR.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2722351\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oral contraception, smoking and inflammatory bowel disease\u2014findings in the Royal&nbsp;College of General Practitioners Oral Contraception Study<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>International Journal of Epidemiology&nbsp;<\/em>1989;18:105\u2013107.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ng SC, Woodrow S, Patel N,&nbsp;Subhani&nbsp;J, and Harbord M.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21557397\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Role of genetic and environmental factors in British&nbsp;twins with inflammatory bowel disease<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Inflammatory Bowel Disease&nbsp;<\/em>2012; 18:725\u2013736.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Parrello&nbsp;T, Pavia M,&nbsp;Angelillo&nbsp;IF, Monteleone G,&nbsp;Riegler&nbsp;G,&nbsp;Papi&nbsp;G,&nbsp;D\u2019Inc\u00e0&nbsp;R,&nbsp;Annese&nbsp;V, Tonelli F,&nbsp;Caprilli&nbsp;R, and&nbsp;Pallone F.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9646210\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Appendectomy is an independent protective factor for ulcerative colitis: results of a&nbsp;multicentre&nbsp;case control study.&nbsp;The Italian Group for the Study of the Colon and Rectum (GISC)<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Italian Journal of<\/em>&nbsp;<em>Gastroenterology and Hepatology&nbsp;<\/em>1997; 29:208\u2013211.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Persson PG,&nbsp;Leijonmarck&nbsp;CE,&nbsp;Bernell&nbsp;O, Hellers G, and&nbsp;Ahlbom&nbsp;A.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8505183\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Risk indicators for inflammatory bowel disease<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>International Journal of Epidemiology&nbsp;<\/em>1993; 22:268\u2013272.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sandler RS,&nbsp;Wurzelmann&nbsp;JI, and Lyles CM.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/1637902\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oral contraceptive use and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Epidemiology&nbsp;<\/em>1992; 3:374\u2013378.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vcev&nbsp;A,&nbsp;Pezerovic&nbsp;D, Jovanovic Z,&nbsp;Nakic&nbsp;D,&nbsp;Vcev&nbsp;I, and&nbsp;Majnari\u0107&nbsp;L.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25821054\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A retrospective, case-control study on&nbsp;traditional environmental risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease in&nbsp;Vukovar-Srijem&nbsp;County, north-eastern&nbsp;Croatia, 2010<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Wiener&nbsp;<\/em><em>Klinische<\/em><em>&nbsp;<\/em><em>Wochenschrift<\/em><em>&nbsp;<\/em>2015; 127:345\u2013354.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vessey&nbsp;M, Jewell D, Smith A,&nbsp;Yeates&nbsp;D, and McPherson K.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3084016\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Chronic inflammatory bowel disease, cigarette&nbsp;smoking, and use of oral contraceptives: findings in a large cohort study of women of childbearing age.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>British<\/em><em>&nbsp;<\/em><em>Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition)&nbsp;<\/em>1986; 292:1101\u20131113.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bernier MO,&nbsp;Mikaeloff&nbsp;Y, Hudson M, and&nbsp;Suissa&nbsp;S.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19333988\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Combined oral contraceptive use and the risk of systemic&nbsp;lupus erythematosus<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Arthritis and Rheumatism&nbsp;<\/em>2009; 61:476\u2013481.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cooper GS, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, St Clair EW, and&nbsp;Gilkeson&nbsp;GS.&nbsp;Hormonal and reproductive risk factors for&nbsp;development of systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a population-based, case-control study.&nbsp;<em>Arthritis and<\/em>&nbsp;<em>Rheumatism&nbsp;<\/em>2002; 46:1830\u20131839.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Costenbader&nbsp;KH,&nbsp;Feskanich&nbsp;D,&nbsp;Stampfer&nbsp;MJ, and Karlson EW.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17393454\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Reproductive and menopausal factors and risk of&nbsp;systemic lupus erythematosus in women<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Arthritis and Rheumatism&nbsp;<\/em>2007; 56:1251\u20131262.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Grimes DA,&nbsp;LeBolt&nbsp;SA, Grimes KR, and Wingo PA.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/4037012\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Systemic lupus erythematosus and reproductive function: A&nbsp;case control study<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology&nbsp;<\/em>1985; 153:179\u2013186.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sanchez-Guerrero J, Karlson EW, Liang MH, Hunter DJ,&nbsp;Speizer&nbsp;FE, and Colditz GA.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9153539\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Past use of oral&nbsp;contraceptives and the risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Arthritis and<\/em><em>&nbsp;<\/em><em>Rheumatism&nbsp;<\/em>1997; 40:&nbsp;804\u2013808.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Strom BL,&nbsp;Reidenberg&nbsp;MM, West S, Snyder ES, Freundlich B, and&nbsp;Stolley&nbsp;PD.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/7942763\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Shingles, allergies, family medical&nbsp;history, oral contraceptives, and other potential risk factors for systemic lupus erythematosus<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>American<\/em>&nbsp;<em>Journal of Epidemiology&nbsp;<\/em>1994; 140:632\u2013642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zonana-Nacach&nbsp;A, Rodr\u00edguez-Guzm\u00e1n LM, Jim\u00e9nez-Balderas FJ, Camargo-Coronel A, Escobedo-de la Pe\u00f1a J,&nbsp;and Fraga A.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/12132318\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Risk factors associated with systemic lupus&nbsp;erythematosis&nbsp;in a Mexican population].<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Salud<\/em>&nbsp;<em>P\u00fablica<\/em><em>&nbsp;de M\u00e9xico&nbsp;<\/em>2002; 44:213\u2013218.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alonso A,&nbsp;Jick&nbsp;SS,&nbsp;Olek&nbsp;MJ,&nbsp;Ascherio&nbsp;A,&nbsp;Jick&nbsp;H, and&nbsp;Hern\u00e1n&nbsp;MA<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16157743\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">.&nbsp;Recent use of oral contraceptives and the risk of&nbsp;multiple sclerosis<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Archives of Neurology&nbsp;<\/em>2005; 62:1362\u20131365.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hellwig&nbsp;K, Chen LH,&nbsp;Stancyzk&nbsp;FZ, and Langer-Gould AM.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26950301\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oral Contraceptives and Multiple Sclerosis\/Clinically&nbsp;Isolated Syndrome Susceptibility<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>PLoS<\/em><em>&nbsp;One&nbsp;<\/em>2016;&nbsp;11:e0149094.&nbsp;Doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0149094.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hern\u00e1n&nbsp;MA,&nbsp;Hohol&nbsp;MJ,&nbsp;Olek&nbsp;MJ, Spiegelman D, and&nbsp;Ascherio&nbsp;A.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10994007\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oral contraceptives and the incidence of&nbsp;multiple sclerosis<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Neurology&nbsp;<\/em>2000; 55:848\u2013854.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kotzamani&nbsp;D,&nbsp;Panou&nbsp;T,&nbsp;Mastorodemos&nbsp;V,&nbsp;Tzagournissakis&nbsp;M,&nbsp;Nikolakaki&nbsp;H,&nbsp;Spanaki&nbsp;C, and&nbsp;Plaitakis&nbsp;A.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22592376\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Rising&nbsp;incidence of multiple sclerosis in females associated with urbanization.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Neurology&nbsp;<\/em>2012; 78:1728\u20131735.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thorogood M, and Hannaford PC.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9883921\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The influence of oral contraceptives on the risk of multiple sclerosis<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>British<\/em><em>&nbsp;<\/em><em>Journal of Obstetrics and&nbsp;<\/em><em>Gynaecology<\/em><em>&nbsp;<\/em>1998; 105:1296\u20131299.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Villard-Mackintosh L, and&nbsp;Vessey&nbsp;MP.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8449016\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oral contraceptives and reproductive factors in multiple sclerosis&nbsp;incidence<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Contraception&nbsp;<\/em>1993; 47:161\u2013168.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Champaneria&nbsp;R,&nbsp;D\u2019Andrea&nbsp;RM, and&nbsp;Latthe&nbsp;PM.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26407563\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hormonal contraception and pelvic floor dysfunction: a&nbsp;systematic review.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Int&nbsp;<\/em><em>Urogynecol<\/em><em>&nbsp;J&nbsp;<\/em>2016; 27:709\u2013722.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El&nbsp;Khoudary&nbsp;SR, Talbott EO,&nbsp;Bromberger&nbsp;JT, Chang CC,&nbsp;Songer&nbsp;TJ, and Davis EL.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19743907\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Severity of interstitial cystitis&nbsp;symptoms and quality of life in female patients<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Journal of&nbsp;<\/em><em>Womens<\/em><em>&nbsp;Health (Larchmont)&nbsp;<\/em>2009; 18:1361\u20131368.&nbsp;Doi: 10.1089\/jwh.2008.1270.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gardella B,&nbsp;Porru&nbsp;D, Nappi RE,&nbsp;Dacc\u00f2&nbsp;MD, Chiesa A, and&nbsp;Spinillo&nbsp;A.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21477020\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Interstitial cystitis is associated with&nbsp;vulvodynia and sexual dysfunction\u2014a case-control study<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>The Journal of Sexual Medicine&nbsp;<\/em>2011; 8:1726\u20131734.&nbsp;Doi: 10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2011.02251.x.&nbsp;Epub&nbsp;2011 Apr 7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Konkle&nbsp;K, Berry SH, Elliott MN, Hilton L,&nbsp;Suttorp&nbsp;MJ,&nbsp;Clauw&nbsp;DJ, and Clemens JQ.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22177158\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Comparison of an interstitial&nbsp;cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome clinical cohort with symptomatic community women from the RAND Interstitial&nbsp;Cystitis Epidemiology study<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Journal of Urology&nbsp;<\/em>2012; 187:508\u2013512.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-2 kt-pane11545_ed3f91-84\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Blood Clots<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bloemenkamp&nbsp;KWM,&nbsp;Rosendaal&nbsp;FR,&nbsp;B\u00fcller&nbsp;HR,&nbsp;Helmerhorst&nbsp;FM, Colly LP, and&nbsp;Vandenbroucke&nbsp;JP.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9892332\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Risk of venous thrombosis with use of current low-dose oral contraceptives is not explained by diagnostic suspicion and referral bias<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Arch Intern Med&nbsp;<\/em>1999; 159:65\u201370.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bloemenkamp&nbsp;KWM,&nbsp;Rosendaal&nbsp;FR,&nbsp;Helmerhorst&nbsp;FM,&nbsp;B\u00fcller&nbsp;HR, and&nbsp;Vandenbroucke&nbsp;JP.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/7500751\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Enhancement by factor V Leiden mutation of risk of deep-vein thrombosis associated with oral contraceptives containing a third- generation&nbsp;progestagen<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Lancet&nbsp;<\/em>1995; 346:1593\u20131596.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dinger J,&nbsp;Assmann&nbsp;A,&nbsp;M\u20acohner&nbsp;S, and Minh TD.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20659364\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Risk of venous thromboembolism and the use of&nbsp;dienogestand&nbsp;drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives: results from a German case-control study<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>J Fam&nbsp;<\/em><em>Plann<\/em>&nbsp;<em>Reprod<\/em><em>&nbsp;Health Care&nbsp;<\/em>2010; 36:123\u2013129.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dinger J,&nbsp;Bardenheuer&nbsp;K, and Heinemann K.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24576793\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cardiovascular and general safety of a 24-day regimen of&nbsp;drospirenonecontaining&nbsp;combined oral contraceptives:&nbsp;final results&nbsp;from the International Active surveillance Study of Women Taking Oral Contraceptives<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Contraception&nbsp;<\/em>2014; 89(4):253\u2013263.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dinger JC, Heinemann LAJ, and&nbsp;Ku\u00a8hl-Habich&nbsp;D.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17434015\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The safety of a&nbsp;drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive:&nbsp;final results&nbsp;from the European Active Surveillance study on oral contraceptives based on 142,475 women years of observation<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Contraception&nbsp;<\/em>2007; 75:344\u2013354.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Farmer RDT, Lawrenson RA, Thompson CR, Kennedy JG, and Hambleton IR.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8996419\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Population-based study of risk of venous thromboembolism associated with various oral contraceptives<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Lancet&nbsp;<\/em>1997; 349:83\u201388.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Food and Drug Administration, Office of surveillance and epidemiology. Combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) and the risk of cardiovascular disease endpoints. FDA. 2011;&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Drugs\/DrugSafety\/UCM277384.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Drugs\/DrugSafety\/UCM277384.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gomer K. Women, Birth Control Pills, and Thrombophilia: An Analysis of Risk Communication Kerry Gomer, Clemson University.&nbsp;2009;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/tigerprints.clemson.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&amp;httpsredir=1&amp;article=1573&amp;context=all_theses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/tigerprints.clemson.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&amp;httpsredir=1&amp;article=1573&amp;context=all_theses<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gronich&nbsp;N,&nbsp;Lavi&nbsp;I, and&nbsp;Rennert&nbsp;G.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22065352\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Higher risk of venous thrombosis associated with&nbsp;drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives: a population-based cohort study<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>CMAJ&nbsp;<\/em>2011; 183(18):E1319-25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jick&nbsp;H,&nbsp;Jick&nbsp;SS,&nbsp;Gurewich&nbsp;V, Myers MW, and&nbsp;Vasilakis&nbsp;C.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/7500750\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Risk of&nbsp;ideopathic&nbsp;cardiovascular death and nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives with differing&nbsp;progestagen&nbsp;components<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Lancet<\/em>&nbsp;1995; 346:1589-1593.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jick&nbsp;SS, and Hernandez RK.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21511805\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Risk of non-fatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives containing&nbsp;drospirenone&nbsp;compared with women using oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel:&nbsp;case-control&nbsp;study using United States claims data<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>British Medical Journal&nbsp;<\/em>2011;&nbsp;340:d2151.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keenan L, Kerr T, Duane M, and Van Gundy K.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32431379\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Systematic Review of Hormonal Contraception and Risk of Venous Thrombosis<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>The Linacre Quarterly&nbsp;<\/em>2018; 85(4):470\u2013477.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le&nbsp;Moigne&nbsp;E,&nbsp;Delluc&nbsp;A,&nbsp;Tromeur&nbsp;C, Nowak E,&nbsp;Mottier&nbsp;D,&nbsp;Lacut&nbsp;K, and Le Gal G.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23786893\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism among young women after a first event while exposed to combined oral contraception versus not exposed to: a cohort study<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Thromb<\/em><em>&nbsp;Res&nbsp;<\/em>2013; 132:51\u201355.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lewis MA,&nbsp;MacRae&nbsp;KD,&nbsp;K\u0171hl-Habich&nbsp;D,&nbsp;Bruppacher&nbsp;R, Heinemann LA, and Spitzer WO.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10359554\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The differential risk of oral contraceptives: the impact of full exposure history<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Hum Re prod&nbsp;<\/em>1999; 14:1493\u20131499.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lidegaard&nbsp;\u00d8,&nbsp;Edstr\u20acom&nbsp;B, and&nbsp;Kreiner&nbsp;S.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11929640\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism. A five-year national case-control study<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Contraception&nbsp;<\/em>2002; 65:187\u2013196.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lidegaard&nbsp;\u00d8,&nbsp;L\u00f8kkegaard&nbsp;E, Svendsen AL, and Agger C.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19679613\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hormonal contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism: national follow-up study<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>British Medical Journal&nbsp;<\/em>2009;&nbsp;339:b2890.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lidegaard&nbsp;\u00d8, Nielsen LH,&nbsp;Skovlund&nbsp;CW, and&nbsp;L\u00f8kkegaard&nbsp;E.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22577198\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Venous thrombosis in users of non-oral hormonal contraception: follow-up study, Denmark 2001\u201310<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>British Medical Journal&nbsp;<\/em>2012;&nbsp;344:e2990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lidegaard&nbsp;\u00d8,Nielsen&nbsp;LH,&nbsp;Skovlund&nbsp;CW,&nbsp;Skjeldestad&nbsp;FE, and&nbsp;L\u00f8kkegaard&nbsp;E.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22027398\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Risk of venous thromboembolism from use of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens and estrogen doses: Danish cohort study 2001\u20132009<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>British Medical Journal&nbsp;<\/em>2011;&nbsp;343:d6423.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[19]&nbsp;Lidegaard&nbsp;\u00d8. Hormonal contraception, thrombosis and age.&nbsp;<em>Expert&nbsp;<\/em><em>Opin<\/em><em>&nbsp;Drug&nbsp;<\/em><em>Saf<\/em><em>&nbsp;<\/em>2014; 13:1353\u2013360.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Parkin L, Sharples K, Hernandez RK, and&nbsp;Jick&nbsp;SS.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21511804\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of oral contraceptives containing&nbsp;drospirenone&nbsp;or levonorgestrel: nested case-control study based on UK General Practice Research Database<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>British Medical Journal&nbsp;<\/em>2011;&nbsp;340:d2139.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Parkin L,&nbsp;Skegg&nbsp;DCG, Wilson M,&nbsp;Herbison&nbsp;GP, and Paul C.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10902629\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oral contraceptives and fatal pulmonary embolism<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Lancet&nbsp;<\/em>2000; 355:2133\u20132134.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Peck R and Norris CW.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30082959\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Significant Risks of Oral Contraceptives (OCPs)<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Linacre Q&nbsp;<\/em>2012; 79(1): 41\u201356. Published online 2012 Feb 1. Doi: 10.1179\/002436312803571447.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Phillippe HM, Hornsby LB, Treadway S, Armstrong EM, and&nbsp;Bellone&nbsp;JM.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24739277\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Inherited thrombophilia<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>J Pharm&nbsp;<\/em><em>Pract<\/em><em>&nbsp;<\/em>2014; 27:227\u2013233.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Spitzer WO, Lewis MA, Heinemann LAJ, Thorogood M, and&nbsp;MacRae&nbsp;KD.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8555935\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolic disorders: an international case-control study<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>British Medical Journal<\/em>&nbsp;1996; 312:83-88.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Todd J-C, Lawrenson R, Farmer RDT, Williams TJ, and&nbsp;Leydon&nbsp;GM.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10357966\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Venous thromboembolic disease and&nbsp;combined oral contraceptives: a re-analysis of the&nbsp;MediPlus&nbsp;database<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Hum&nbsp;<\/em><em>Reprod<\/em><em>&nbsp;<\/em>1999; 14:1500\u20131505.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Van&nbsp;Hylckama&nbsp;VA,&nbsp;Helmerhorst&nbsp;FM,&nbsp;Vandenbroucke&nbsp;JP,&nbsp;Doggen&nbsp;CJ, and&nbsp;Rosendaal&nbsp;FR.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19679614\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Venous Thrombotic&nbsp;Risk of Oral Contraceptives, Effects of Estrogen Dose and Progestogen Type: Results of the MEGA Case-Control&nbsp;Study<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>British Medical Journal&nbsp;<\/em>2009;&nbsp;339:b2921. Doi:10.1136\/bmj.b2921.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vinogradova&nbsp;Y, Coupland C and&nbsp;Hippisley-Cox J.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26013557\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Use of combined oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolism: nested case-control studies using the&nbsp;QResearch&nbsp;and CPRD databases<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>British Medical<\/em>&nbsp;<em>Journal&nbsp;<\/em>2015; 350:h2135. Doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.h2135 (Published 26 May 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>World Health&nbsp;Organisation&nbsp;Collaborative Study on Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/7500749\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Effect of different progestogens in low estrogen oral contraceptives on venous thromboembolic disease<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Lancet&nbsp;<\/em>1995; 346:1582\u20131588.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/7500748\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Venous thromboembolic disease and combined oral contraceptives: results of international&nbsp;multicentre&nbsp;case-control&nbsp;study<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Lancet&nbsp;<\/em>1995; 346:1575-1582.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yasmin Prescribing Information: Highlights of Yasmin Prescription Information,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2012\/021098s019lbl.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2012\/021098s019lbl.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bagdade JD and Subbaiah PV. Serum from Oral Contraceptive Users Stimulates Growth of Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. <em>AHA Journals, Arteriosclerosis<\/em> 1982; 2(2):170\u2013176.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Beral V. Cardiovascular disease mortality trends and oral contraceptive use in young women.<em> Lancet<\/em> 1976; 2:1047\u20131052.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fallah S, Nouroozi V, Seifi M, Samadikuchaksaraei A, and Aghdashi EM. Influence of oral contraceptive pills on homocysteine and nitric oxide levels: as risk factors for cardiovascular disease. <em>J Clin Lab Anal<\/em> 2012; 26:120\u2013123.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hennekens CH, and MacMahon B. Oral contraceptive and myocardlal infarction. <em>N Engl J Med<\/em> 1977; 296:1166\u20131167.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hickson SS, Miles KL, McDonnell BJ, Yasmin, Cockcroft JR, Wilkinson IB, McEniery CM; ENIGMA Study Investigators. Use of the oral contraceptive pill is associated with increased large artery stiffness in young women: the ENIGMA study. <em>J Hypertens<\/em> 2011; 29(6):1155\u20131159.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Heidarzadeh Z, Asadi B, Saadatnia M, Ghorbani A, and Fatehi F. The Effect of Low-dose Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills on Brachial Artery Endothelial Function and Common Carotid Artery Intima\u2013Media Thickness. <em>Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases<\/em> 2014; 23:675\u2013680.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lidegaard \u00d8, L\u00f8kkegaard E, Jensen A, Skovlund CW, and Keiding N. Thrombotic stroke and myocardial infarction with hormonal contraception. <em>N Engl J Med<\/em> 2012; 366:2257\u20132266.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Priest SE, Shenouda N, and MacDonald MJ. Effect of sex, menstrual cycle phase, and monophasic oral contraceptive pill use on local and central arterial stiffness in young adults. <em>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol<\/em> 2018; 315(2):H357-H365.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Norouzi V, Seifi M, Fallah S, Korani M, and Samadikuchaksaraei A. Effect of oral contraceptive therapy on homocysteine and C-reactive protein levels in women: an observational study. <em>Anadolu Kardiyol Derg<\/em> 2011; 11:698\u2013702.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rietzschel E, De Buyzere M, De Baquer D, Bekaert S, Segers P, Cassiman P, Verdonck P, De Backer G, Gillebert T and ASKLEPIOS Investigators. Anticonceptive Drug Use And Increased Carotid and Femoral Plaque Prevalence: Population Data From Asklepios. <em>Circulation<\/em>. 2007; 116:820&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rietzschel E, De Buyzere M, De Baquer D, Langlois M, Bekaert S, Segers P, Van Damme P, Verdonck P, De Backer G, Gillebert T and ASKLEPIOS Investigators. Oral contraceptives cause major C-reactive protein rises in the female general population. <em>Circulation <\/em>2018; 116:800\u2013801.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rietzschel E, De Buyzere M, Segers P, Bekaert S, De Baquer D, De Backer G, Gillebert T. Long Term Oral Contraceptive Use is an Independent Risk Factor for Arterial Stiffening. <em>Circulation<\/em>. 2008; 118:S_803\u2013S_804&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vessey M, Doll R, Peto R, Johnson B, and Wiggins P. A longterm follow-up study of women using different methods of contraception\u2014an Interim report. <em>J Blosoc Sci<\/em> 1976; 8:373\u2013427.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yu A, Giannone T, Scheffler P, Doonan RJ, Egiziano G, Gomez YH, Papaioannou TG, and Daskalopoulou SS. The effect of oral contraceptive pills and the natural menstrual cycle on arterial stiffness and hemodynamICs (CYCLIC). <em>J Hypertens <\/em>2014; 32(1):100\u2013107.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zoler ML. Oral Contraceptive Use Linked to Arterial Plaque. <em>Internal Medicine News<\/em> October 15, 2007; 32.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:15px;}.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;background:#2b3468;color:#FFFFFF;padding-top:10px;padding-right:14px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:14px;}.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#FFFFFF;}.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#FFFFFF;}.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#2b3468;}.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{color:#FFFFFF;background:#2b3468;border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion--visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#FFFFFF;}.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#FFFFFF;}.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#2b3468;}.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:#ffffff;background:#2b3468;border-top-color:#444444;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#444444;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#444444;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#444444;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#2b3468;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#444444;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#444444;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#444444;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#444444;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:15px;}.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#444444;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#444444;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#444444;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#444444;border-left-style:solid;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id11545_1d2ee4-f6 kt-accordion-has-3-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"false\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane11545_c5cf22-d5\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Cancer<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>BREAST CANCER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Adams-Campbell LL, Makambi KH, Frederick WA, Gaskins M, Dewitty RL, and McCaskill-Stevens W. Breast cancer risk assessments comparing Gail and CARE models in African-American women. <em>Breast J.<\/em> 15 Suppl 2009; 1:S72\u201375.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alipour S, Omranipour R, Malekzadeh R, Poustchi H, Pourshams A, Khoshnia M, Gharavi A, Roshandel G, Eslami B. A Case-Control Study of Breast Cancer in Northeast of Iran: The Golestan Cohort Study. <em>Arch Iran Med<\/em>. 2019 Jul 1;22(7):355-360.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alonso-Molero J, G\u00f3mez-Acebo I, Llorca J, Lope-Carvajal V, Amiano P, Guevara M, Mart\u00edn V, Casta\u00f1o-Vinyals G, Fern\u00e1ndez-Ortiz M, Ob\u00f3n-Santacana M, Alguacil J, Fernandez-Tardon G, Molina-Barcel\u00f3 A, Marcos-Gragera R, P\u00e9rez-G\u00f3mez B, Aizpurua A, Ardanaz E, Molina AJ, Rodr\u00edguez-Cund\u00edn P, Moreno V, Rodr\u00edguez-Reinado C, Aragon\u00e9s N, Kogevinas M, Poll\u00e1n M, Dierssen-Sotos T. Effect of the use of prediagnosis hormones on breast cancer prognosis: MCC-Spain study. <em>Menopause<\/em>. 2022 Nov 1;29(11):1315-1322.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Amadou A, Fabre A, Torres-Mej\u00eda G, Ortega-Olvera C, Angeles-Llerenas A, McKenzie F, Biessy C, Hainaut P, and Romieu I. Hormonal therapy and risk of breast cancer in Mexican women. <em>PLoS One<\/em> 2013; 8:e79695.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bara\u0144ska A, Kanadys W. Oral Contraceptive Use and Breast Cancer Risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies. <em>Cancers (Basel).<\/em> 2022 Sep 29;14(19):4774.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Beaber EF, Buist DS, Barlow WE, Malone KE, Reed SD, and Li CI. Recent oral contraceptive use by formulation and breast cancer risk among women 20 to 49 years of age. <em>Cancer Res<\/em> 2014a; 74:4078\u20134089.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Beaber EF, Malone KE, Tang MT, Barlow WE, Porter PL, Daling JR, and Li CI. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk overall and by molecular subtype among young women. <em>Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev<\/em> 2014b; 23:755\u2013764.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Beji NK and Reis N. Risk factors for breast cancer in Turkish women: a hospital-based case-control study. <em>Eur J Cancer Care<\/em> (Engl). 2007; 16:178\u2013184.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bethea TN, Rosenberg L, Hong CC, Troester MA, Lunetta KL, Bandera EV, Schedin P, Kolonel LN, Olshan AF, Ambrosone CB, and Palmer JR. A case-control analysis of oral contraceptive use and breast cancer subtypes in the African American Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Consortium. <em>Breast Cancer Res<\/em> 2015; 17:22. Doi: 10.1186\/s13058-015-0535-x.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bhadoria AS, Kapil U, Sareen N, Singh P. Reproductive factors and breast cancer: a case-control study in tertiary care hospital of North India. <em>Indian J Cancer<\/em>. 2013 Oct-Dec;50(4):316-21.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Brohet RM, Goldgar DE, Easton DF, Antoniou AC, Andrieu N, Chang-Claude J, Peock S, Eeles RA, Cook M, Chu C, Nogu\u00e8s C, Lasset C, Berthet P, Meijers-Heijboer H, Gerdes AM, Olsson H, Caldes T, van Leeuwen FE, and Rookus MA. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk in the international BRCA1\/2 carrier cohort study: a report from EMBRACE, GENEPSO, GEO-HEBON, and the IBCCS Collaborating Group. <em>J Clin Oncol<\/em> 2007; 25:3831\u20133836.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Conz L, Mota BS, Bahamondes L, Teixeira D\u00f3ria M, Fran\u00e7oise Mauricette Derchain S, Rieira R, Sarian LO. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <em>Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand<\/em>. 2020 Aug;99(8):970-982.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Das S, Sen S, Mukherjee A, Chakraborty D, Mondal PK. Risk factors of breast cancer among women in eastern India: a tertiary hospital based case control study. <em>Asian Pac J Cancer Prev<\/em>. 2012;13(10):4979-81.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Delort L, Kwiatkowski F, Chalabi N, Satih S, Bignon YJ, and Bernard-Gallon DJ. Risk factors for early age at breast cancer onset\u2014the \u201cCOSA program\u201d population-based study. <em>Anticancer Res<\/em> 2007; 27:1087\u20131094.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dey S, Boffetta P, Mathews A, Brennan P, Soliman A, Mathew A. Risk factors according to estrogen receptor status of breast cancer patients in Trivandrum, South India. <em>Int J Cancer<\/em>. 2009 Oct 1;125(7):1663-70.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dolle JM, Daling JR, White E, Brinton LA, Doody DR, Porter PL, and Malone KE. Risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer in women under the age of 45 years. <em>Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev<\/em> 2009; 18:1157\u20131166.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fehring Perri T, Naor-Revel S, Eliassi-Revivo P, Lifshitz D, Friedman E, Korach J. Fertility treatments and breast cancer risk in Jewish Israeli BRCA mutation carriers. <em>Fertil Steril<\/em>. 2021 Aug;116(2):538-545.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Figueiredo JC, Haile RW, Bernstein L, Malone KE, Largent J, Langholz B, Lynch CF, Bertelsen L, Capanu M, Concannon P, Borg A, B\u00f8rresen-Dale AL, Diep A, Teraoka S, Torngren T, Xue S, and Bernstein JL. Oral contraceptives and postmenopausal hormones and risk of contralateral breast cancer among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers and noncarriers: the WECARE Study. <em>Breast Cancer Res Treat<\/em> 2010; 120:175\u2013183.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Folger SG, Marchbanks PA, McDonald JA, Bernstein L, Ursin G, Berlin JA, Daling JR, Norman SA, Strom BL, Weiss LK, Simon MS, Burkman RT, Malone KE, and Spirtas R. Risk of breast cancer associated with short-term use of oral contraceptives. <em>Cancer Causes Control<\/em> 2007; 18:189\u2013198.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Friebel TM, Domchek SM, and Rebbeck TR. Modifiers of cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: systematic review and meta-analysis. <em>J Natl Cancer Inst<\/em> 2014; 106(6):dju091. Doi: 10.1093\/jnci\/dju091.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Haile RW, Thomas DC, McGuire V, Felberg A, John EM, Milne RL, Hopper JL, Jenkins MA, Levine AJ, Daly MM, Buys SS, Senie RT, Andrulis IL, Knight JA, Godwin AK, Southey M, McCredie MR, Giles GG, Andrews L, Tucker K, Miron A, Apicella C, Tesoriero A, Bane A, Pike MC; kConFab Investigators; Ontario Cancer Genetics Network Investigators, and Whittemore AS. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, oral contraceptive use, and breast cancer before age 50<em>. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev<\/em> 2006; 15:1863\u20131870.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Heikkinen S, Koskenvuo M, Malila N, Sarkeala T, Pukkala E, and Pitk\u00e4niemi J. Use of exogenous hormones and the risk of breast cancer: results from self-reported survey data with validity assessment. <em>Cancer Causes Control<\/em> 2016; 27:249\u2013258.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE, Malspeis S, Spiegelman D, Chen W, Stampfer MJ, and Willett WC. Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer: a prospective study of young women. <em>Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev<\/em> 2010; 19:2496\u20132502.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ichida M, Kataoka A, Tsushima R, and Taguchi T. No increase in breast cancer risk in Japanese women taking oral contraceptives: a case-control study investigating reproductive, menstrual and familial risk factors for breast cancer. <em>Asian Pac J Cancer Prev<\/em> 2015; 16:3685\u20133690.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jernstr\u00f6m H, Loman N, Johannsson OT, Borg A, and Olsson H. Impact of teenage oral contraceptive use in a population-based series of early-onset breast cancer cases who have undergone BRCA mutation testing. <em>Eur J Cancer<\/em> 2005; 41:2312\u20132320.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ji LW, Jing CX, Zhuang SL, Pan WC, Hu XP. Effect of age at first use of oral contraceptives on breast cancer risk: An updated meta-analysis. <em>Medicine<\/em> (Baltimore). 2019 Sep;98(36):e15719.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kahlenborn C, Modugno F, Potter DM, and Severs WB. Oral Contraceptive Use as a Risk Factor for Premenopausal Breast Cancer: A Meta-analysis. <em>Mayo Clin Proc<\/em> 2006; 81:1290\u20131302.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kamath R, Mahajan KS, Ashok L, Sanal TS. A study on risk factors of breast cancer among patients attending the tertiary care hospital, in udupi district. <em>Indian J Community Med<\/em>. 2013 Apr;38(2):95-9.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Khoramdad M, Solaymani-Dodaran M, Kabir A, Ghahremanzadeh N, Hashemi EO, Fahimfar N, Omidi Z, Mansournia MA, Olfatbakh A, Salehiniya H, Haghighat S. Breast cancer risk factors in Iranian women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of matched case-control studies. <em>Eur J Med Res<\/em>. 2022 Dec 27;27(1):311.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kotsopoulos J, Lubinski J, Moller P, Lynch HT, Singer CF, Eng C, Neuhausen SL, Karlan B, Kim-Sing C, Huzarski T, Gronwald J, McCuaig J, Senter L, Tung N, Ghadirian P, Eisen A, Gilchrist D, Blum JL, Zakalik D, Pal T, Sun P, and Narod SA; Hereditary Breast Cancer Clinical Study Group. Timing of oral contraceptive use and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers. <em>Breast Cancer Res Treat<\/em> 2014; 143:579\u2013586.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lee E, Ma H, McKean-Cowdin R, Van Den Berg D, Bernstein L, Henderson BE, and Ursin G. Effect of reproductive factors and oral contraceptives on breast cancer risk in BRCA1\/2 mutation carriers and noncarriers: results from a population-based study. <em>Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev<\/em> 2008; 17:3170\u20133178.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Li CI, Beaber EF, Tang MT, Porter PL, Daling JR, and Malone KE. Effect of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate on breast cancer risk among women 20 to 44 years of age. <em>Cancer Res<\/em> 2012; 72:2028\u20132035.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Liu H, Shi S, Gao J, Guo J, Li M, Wang L. Analysis of risk factors associated with breast cancer in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. <em>Transl Cancer Res<\/em>. 2022 May;11(5):1344-1353.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lodha R, Joshi A, Paul D, Lodha KM, Nahar N, Shrivastava A, Bhagat VK, Nandeshwar S. Association between reproductive factors and breast cancer in an urban set up at central India: a case-control study. <em>Indian J Cancer<\/em>. 2011 Jul-Sep;48(3):303-7.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lumachi F, Frigo AC, Basso U, Tombolan V, and Ermani M. Estrogen therapy and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: a case-control study and results of a multivariate analysis. <em>Menopause<\/em> 2010; 17:524\u2013528.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lund E, Bakken K, Dumeaux V, Andersen V, and Kumle M. Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer in former users of oral contraceptives&#8211;The Norwegian Women and Cancer study. <em>Int J Cancer<\/em> 2007; 121:645\u2013648.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ma H, Bernstein L, Ross RK, and Ursin G. 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(2020) \u201cRelative Risk of Cervical Neoplasms Among Copper and Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System Users.\u201d&nbsp; <em>Obstet Gynecol<\/em> ;135:319\u201327 DOI: 10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003656&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sun L, Yang L, Liu X, Tang L, Zeng Q, Gao Y, Chen Q, Liu Z and Peng B (2022) \u201cOptimization of Cervical Cancer Screening: A Stacking-Integrated Machine Learning Algorithm Based on Demographic, Behavioral, and Clinical Factors.\u201d <em>Front. Oncol<\/em>. 12:821453. doi: 10.3389\/fonc.2022.821453&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vanakankovit N and Taneepanichskul S. Effect of oral contraceptives on risk of cervical cancer. <em>J Med Assoc<\/em> <em>Thai<\/em> 2008; 91:7\u201312.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wilson JC, O&#8217;Rorke MA, Cooper JA, Murray LJ, Hughes CM, Gormley GJ, and Anderson LA. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and cervical cancer risk: a case-control study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. <em>Cancer Epidemiol<\/em> 2013; 37:897\u2013904.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. Combined Estrogen\u2212Progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen\u2212Progestogen Menopausal Therapy. 2007; <a href=\"http:\/\/monographs.iarc.fr\/ENG\/Monographs\/vol91\/mono91.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/monographs.iarc.fr\/ENG\/Monographs\/vol91\/mono91.pdf<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. Combined Estrogen\u2212Progestogen Contraceptives. <em>IARC Monographs<\/em> 2012; 100A:283\u2013318; <a href=\"http:\/\/monographs.iarc.fr\/ENG\/Monographs\/vol100A\/mono100A-19.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/monographs.iarc.fr\/ENG\/Monographs\/vol100A\/mono100A-19.pdf<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-2 kt-pane11545_e92133-ac\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Depression<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>Anderl, Christine; de Wit, Anouk E.; Giltay, Erik J.; Oldehinkel, Albertine J.; Chen, Frances S. Association between adolescent oral contraceptive use and future major depressive disorder: a prospective cohort study. Journal of Child Psychology &amp; Psychiatry, Mar 2022; 63(3): 333-341.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anderl, Christine; Li, Gu; Chen, Frances S. Oral contraceptive use in adolescence predicts lasting vulnerability to depression in adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology &amp; Psychiatry, Feb 2020; 61(2): 148-156.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chen, Melissa J; Jensen, Jeffrey T; Kaunitz, Andrew M; Achilles, Sharon L; Zatik, J\u00e1nos; Weyers, Steven; Piltonen, Terhi; Suturina, Larisa; Apolikhina, Inna; Bouchard, Celine; Archer, David F; Jost, Maud; Foidart, Jean-Michel; Creinin, Mitchell, Tolerability and safety of the estetrol\/drospirenone combined oral contraceptive: Pooled analysis of two multicenter, open-label phase 3 trials. Contraception, Dec2022; 116 44-50.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>de Wit, Anouk E.; Booij, Sanne H.; Giltay, Erik J.; Joffe, Hadine; Schoevers, Robert A.; Oldehinkel, Albertine J. Association of Use of Oral Contraceptives With Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents and Young Women. JAMA Psychiatry, Jan2020; 77(1): 52-59.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Del Rio JP, Allende MI, Molina N, Serrano FG, Molina S, and Vigil P. Steroid Hormones and their Action in Women\u2019s Brains: The Importance of Hormonal Balance. <em>Frontiers in Public Health<\/em> 2018; May(6) art. 141:1\u201315.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Edwards, Alexis C.; L\u00f6nn, Sara Larsson; Crump, Casey; Mo\u015bcicki, Eve K.; Sundquist, Jan; Kendler, Kenneth S.; Sundquist, Kristina. Oral contraceptive use and risk of suicidal behavior among young women. Psychological Medicine, Jul 2022; 52(9): 1710-1717.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ejigu AK; Seraj ZR; Gebrelibanos MW; Jilcha TF; Bezabih YH, BMC psychiatry. Depression, anxiety and associated factors among housemaids working in Addis Ababa Ethiopia. 2020 May 13; Vol. 20 (1), pp. 231.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fei YF; Smith YR; Dendrinos ML; Rosen MW; Quint EH. Considerations in Adolescent Use of the Etonogestrel Subdermal Implant: A Cohort Study. Frontiers in reproductive health, 2021 Dec 23; Vol. 3, pp. 780902.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Garforth B; Degnbol H; Terris ET; Zak PJ; Winterdahl M. Elevated plasma oxytocin levels and higher satisfaction with life in young oral contraceptive users. Scientific reports. 2020 May 19; Vol. 10 (1), pp. 8208.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gregory Sean T, Hall K, Quast T, Gatto A, Bleck J, Storch EA, and DeBate R. Hormonal contraception, depression and Academic Performance among females attending college in the United States. <em>Psychiatry Research<\/em> 2018; 270:111\u2013116.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Griksiene R, Ruksenas O. Effects of hormonal contraceptives on mental rotation and verbal fluency. <em>Psychoneuroendocrinology<\/em>. 2011; 36(8):1239-48.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Horibe M, Hane Y, Abe J, Matsui T, Kato Y, Ueda N, Sasaoka S, Motooka Y, Hatahira H, Hasegawa S, Kinosada Y, Hara H, Nakamura M. Contraceptives as possible risk factors for postpartum depression: A retrospective study of the food and drug administration adverse event reporting system, 2004-2015. <em>Nurs Open.<\/em> 2018; 5(2):131-138.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Johansson T, Vinther Larsen S, Bui M, Ek WE, Karlsson T, Johansson \u00c5. Population-based cohort study of oral contraceptive use and risk of depression. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2023 Jun 12;32:e39. doi: 10.1017\/S2045796023000525. PMID: 37303201; PMCID: PMC10294242.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jung, Sun Jae; Cho, So Mi J.; Kim, Hyeon Chang. Association of oral contraceptive use with suicidal behavior among representative Korean population: Results from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2016).&nbsp; Journal of Affective Disorders, Jan2019; 243 8-15.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keyes Katherine T, Cheslack-Postava K, Westhoff C, Heim CM, Haloossim M, Walsh K, and Koenen K. Association of Hormonal Contraception Use with Reduced levels of Depressive Symptoms: A National Study of Sexually Active women in the United States. <em>Am J. Epidemiol<\/em> 2013; 178(9):1378\u20131388.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Khafagy GM; Shalaby HL; Saad NE; Hasan MD. Effect of the Monthly Injectable Combined Contraceptives versus Oral Contraceptive Pills on Mood. Korean journal of family medicine. 2021 Nov; Vol. 42 (6), pp. 471-476.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kulkarni J, Liew J, Garland KA. Depression associated with combined oral contraceptives&#8211;a pilot study. <em>Aust Fam Physician.<\/em> 2005; 34(11):990.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Larsen SV, Mikkelsen AP, Lidegaard \u00d8, Frokjaer VG. Depression Associated With Hormonal Contraceptive Use as a Risk Indicator for Postpartum Depression. JAMA Psychiatry. 2023 Jul 1;80(7):682-689.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Larsen SV; K\u00f6hler-Forsberg K; Dam VH; Poulsen AS; Svarer C; Jensen PS; Knudsen GM; Fisher PM; Ozenne B; Frokjaer VG. Oral contraceptives and the serotonin 4 receptor: a molecular brain imaging study in healthy women. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2020 Oct; Vol. 142 (4), pp. 294-306.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lundin, C; Wikman, A; Lampa, E; Bixo, M; Gemzell\u2010Danielsson, K; Wikman, P; Ljung, R; Sundstr\u00f6m Poromaa, I; Gemzell-Danielsson, K. There is no association between combined oral hormonal contraceptives and depression: a Swedish register-based cohort study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology, May2022; 129(6): 917-925.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>McKetta, Sarah; Keyes, Katherine M. Oral contraceptive use and depression among adolescents. Annals of Epidemiology, Jan2019; 29 46-51.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mohammadi-Pasand, Samaneh Hagh; Farnam, Farnaz; Damghanian, Maryam. The effect of the copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) and the injectable depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) use on women&#8217;s sexual satisfaction and depression. Nursing Practice Today, Jan2020; 7(1): 53-60.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Morssinkhof MWL; Lamers F; Hoogendoorn AW; de Wit AE; Riese H; Giltay EJ; van den Heuvel OA; Penninx BW; Broekman BFP. Oral contraceptives, depressive and insomnia symptoms in adult women with and without depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology, ISSN: 1873-3360, 2021 Nov; Vol. 133, pp. 105390&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pletzer B; Harris T; Hidalgo-Lopez E. Previous contraceptive treatment relates to grey matter volumes in the hippocampus and basal ganglia. Scientific reports [Sci Rep], 2019 Jul 29; Vol. 9 (1), pp. 11003&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Roberts TA, Hansen S. Association of Hormonal Contraception with depression in the postpartum period. <em>Contraception<\/em>. 2017; 96(6):446-452.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Singata-Madliki M, Hofmeyr GJ, Lawrie TA. The effect of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on postnatal depression: a randomised controlled trial. <em>J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care<\/em>. 2016; 42(3):171-6.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Singata-Madliki M; Carayon-Lefebvre d&#8217;Hellencourt F; Lawrie TA; Balakrishna Y; Hofmeyr GJ, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. Effects of three contraceptive methods on depression and sexual function: An ancillary study of the ECHO randomized trial. 2021 Aug; Vol. 154 (2), pp. 256-262.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Skovlund CW, M\u00f8rch LS, Kessling LV, and Lidegaard O. Association of Hormonal Contraception with Depression. <em>JAMA Psychiatry<\/em> 2016; 73(11):1154\u20131162.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Skovlund CW, M\u00f8rch LS, Kessling LV, Lange T, and Lidegaard, O. Association of Hormonal Contraception with Suicide Attempts and Suicides. <em>Am. J Psychiatry<\/em> 2018; 175(4):336\u2013342.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sundstr\u00f6m-Poromaa I; Comasco E; Sumner R; Luders E. Progesterone &#8211; Friend or foe? Frontiers in neuroendocrinology. 2020. Oct; Vol. 59, pp. 100856; Publisher: Academic Press; PMID: 32730861&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Svendal G, Berk M, Pasco JA, and Jacka FN. The use of hormonal contraceptive agents and mood disorders in women. <em>J Affective Disorders<\/em> 2012; 140:92\u201396.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Toffol E, Heikinheimo O, Koponen P, Luoto R, Partonen T. Further evidence for lack of negative associations between hormonal contraception and mental health. <em>Contraception<\/em>. 2012; 86(5):470-80.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Toffol E, Heiknheimo, Koponene P, Luoto R, and Partonen T. Hormonal contraception and mental health: results of a population based study. <em>Human Reproduction<\/em> 2011; 26(11):3085\u20133093.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tsai R, Schaffir J. Effect of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on postpartum depression. <em>Contraception<\/em>. 2010; 82(2):174-7.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Worly Brett L, Gur TL, and Schaffir J. The relationship between progestin hormonal contraception and depression: a systematic review. <em>Contraception<\/em> 2018; 97:478\u2013489.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Young EA, Kornstein SG, Harvey AT, Wisniewski SR, Barkin J, Fava M, Trivedi MH, and Rush AJ. Influences of Hormone-Based Contraception in Depressive symptoms in Premenopausal Women with Major Depression. <em>Psychoneuroendocrinology <\/em>2007; 32(7):843\u2013853.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:15px;}.kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid 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.kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#2b3468;}.kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:#ffffff;background:#2b3468;border-top-color:#444444;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#444444;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#444444;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#444444;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#2b3468;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid 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.kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#444444;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#444444;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#444444;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#444444;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:15px;}.kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#444444;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#444444;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#444444;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#444444;border-left-style:solid;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id11545_e4eb52-12 kt-accordion-has-2-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"false\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane11545_29e82d-50\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">HIV Transmission<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>Baeten&nbsp;JM,&nbsp;Benki&nbsp;S,&nbsp;Chohan&nbsp;V,&nbsp;Lavreys&nbsp;L, McClelland RS,&nbsp;Mandaliya&nbsp;K,&nbsp;Ndinya-Achola&nbsp;JO,&nbsp;Jaoko&nbsp;W, and&nbsp;Overbaugh&nbsp;J.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17690576\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hormonal contraceptive use, herpes simplex virus infection, and risk of HIV-1 acquisition among Kenyan women<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>AIDS<\/em>&nbsp;2007; 21:1771\u20131777.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Brind&nbsp;J,&nbsp;Condly&nbsp;SJ, Mosher SW, Morse AR, and Kimball J.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26710371\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Risk of HIV infection in Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA) users: a systematic review and meta-analysis<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Issues Law Med<\/em>&nbsp;2015; 30:129\u2013139.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Crook AM, Ford D,&nbsp;Gafos&nbsp;M, Hayes R,&nbsp;Kamali&nbsp;A,&nbsp;Kapiga&nbsp;S, Nunn A,&nbsp;Chisembele&nbsp;M,&nbsp;Ramjee&nbsp;G, Rees H, and McCormack S.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24838704\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Injectable and oral contraceptives and risk of HIV acquisition in women: an analysis of data from the MDP301 trial<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Hum&nbsp;<\/em><em>Reprod<\/em>&nbsp;2014; 29:1810\u20131817.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Govender Y,&nbsp;Avenant&nbsp;C,&nbsp;Verhoog&nbsp;NJ, Ray RM, Grantham NJ,&nbsp;Africander&nbsp;D, and&nbsp;Hapgood&nbsp;JP.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24840644\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The injectable-only contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate, unlike norethisterone acetate and progesterone, regulates inflammatory genes in endocervical cells via the glucocorticoid receptor<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>PLoS<\/em><em>&nbsp;One<\/em>&nbsp;2014;&nbsp;9:e96497.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hapgood&nbsp;JP and&nbsp;Tomasicchio&nbsp;M.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20446002\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Modulation of HIV-1 virulence via the host glucocorticoid receptor: towards further understanding the molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 pathogenesis<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Arch&nbsp;<\/em><em>Virol<\/em>&nbsp;2010; 155:1009-1019. Doi: 10.1007\/s00705-010-0678-0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hapgood&nbsp;JP, Ray RM, Govender Y,&nbsp;Avenant&nbsp;C, and&nbsp;Tomasicchio&nbsp;M.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24547700\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Differential glucocorticoid&nbsp;receptormediated&nbsp;effects on immunomodulatory gene expression by progestin contraceptives: implications for HIV-1 pathogenesis<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Am J&nbsp;<\/em><em>Reprod<\/em><em>&nbsp;Immunol<\/em>&nbsp;2014; 71(6):505\u2013512. Doi: 10.1111\/aji.12214.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Heffron R, Donnell D, Rees H,&nbsp;Celum&nbsp;C,&nbsp;Mugo&nbsp;N, Were E, de&nbsp;Bruyn&nbsp;G,&nbsp;Nakku-Joloba&nbsp;E,&nbsp;Ngure&nbsp;K,&nbsp;Kiarie&nbsp;J, Coombs RW,&nbsp;Baeten&nbsp;JM; Partners in Prevention HSV\/HIV Transmission Study Team.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21975269\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Use of hormonal contraceptives and risk of HIV-1 transmission: A prospective cohort study<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Lancet Infect Dis<\/em>&nbsp;2012; 12:19\u201326.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Huijbregts&nbsp;RP, Michel KG and Hel Z.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24674041\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Effect of progestins on immunity: medroxyprogesterone but not norethisterone or levonorgestrel suppresses the function of T cells and&nbsp;pDCs<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Contraception<\/em>&nbsp;2014 Aug; 90(2):123\u2013129. Doi: 10.1016\/j.contraception.2014.02.006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kiddugavu&nbsp;M, Makumbi F,&nbsp;Wawer&nbsp;MJ,&nbsp;Serwadda&nbsp;D,&nbsp;Sewankambo&nbsp;NK,&nbsp;Wabwire-Mangen&nbsp;F,&nbsp;Lutalo&nbsp;T, Meehan M,&nbsp;Xianbin, Gray RH; Rakai Project Study Group<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/12545084\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">. Hormonal contraceptive use and HIV-1 infection in a population-based cohort in Rakai, Uganda<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>AIDS<\/em>&nbsp;2003; 17:233\u2013240.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kleinschmidt I, Rees H, Delany S, Smith D,&nbsp;Dinat&nbsp;N,&nbsp;Nkala&nbsp;B, and McIntyre JA.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17519153\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Injectable progestin contraceptive use and risk of HIV infection in a South African family planning cohort<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Contraception<\/em>&nbsp;2007; 75:461\u2013467.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Maritz MF, Ray RM, Bick AJ,&nbsp;Tomasicchio&nbsp;M, Woodland JG, Govender Y,&nbsp;Avenant&nbsp;C, and&nbsp;Hapgood&nbsp;JP.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29698514\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Medroxyprogesterone acetate, unlike norethisterone, increases HIV-1 replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and an indicator cell line, via mechanisms involving the glucocorticoid receptor, increased CD4\/CD8 ratios and CCR5 levels<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>PLoS<\/em><em>&nbsp;One<\/em>&nbsp;2018&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.o196043\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.o196043<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>McCoy SI, Zheng W, Montgomery ET, Blanchard K, van der&nbsp;Straten&nbsp;A, de&nbsp;Bruyn&nbsp;G, and&nbsp;Padian&nbsp;NS.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23698064\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oral and injectable contraception use and risk of HIV acquisition among women in sub-Saharan Africa<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>AIDS<\/em>&nbsp;2013; 27:1001\u20131009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Morrison CS, Richardson BA,&nbsp;Mmiro&nbsp;F,&nbsp;Chipato&nbsp;T, Celentano DD,&nbsp;Luoto&nbsp;J, Mugerwa R,&nbsp;Padian&nbsp;N,&nbsp;Rugpao&nbsp;S, Brown JM,&nbsp;Cornelisse&nbsp;P,&nbsp;Salata&nbsp;RA;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17148972\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of HIV Acquisition (HC-HIV) Study Group. Hormonal contraception and the risk of HIV acquisition<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>AIDS<\/em>&nbsp;2007; 21:85\u201395.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Morrison CS,&nbsp;Skoler-Karpoff&nbsp;S, Kwok C, Chen PL, van de&nbsp;Wijgert&nbsp;J,&nbsp;Gehret-Plagianos&nbsp;M, Patel S, Ahmed K,&nbsp;Ramjee&nbsp;G, Friedland B, and&nbsp;Lahteenmaki&nbsp;P..&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22156973\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hormonal contraception and the risk of HIV acquisition among women in South Africa<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>AIDS<\/em>&nbsp;2012; 26:497\u2013504.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Morrison CS, Chen P-L, Kwok C,&nbsp;Baeten&nbsp;JM, Brown J, Crook AM, Van Damme L, Delany-Moretlwe&nbsp;S, Francis SC, Friedland BA, Hayes RJ, Heffron R,&nbsp;Kapiga&nbsp;S, Karim QA,&nbsp;Karpoff&nbsp;S, Kaul R, McClelland RS, McCormack S, McGrath N, Myer L, Rees H, van der&nbsp;Straten&nbsp;A, Watson-Jones D, van de&nbsp;Wijgert&nbsp;JH,&nbsp;Stalter&nbsp;R, and Low N.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25612136\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hormonal contraception and the risk of HIV acquisition: an individual participant data meta-analysis<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>PLoS<\/em><em>&nbsp;Med<\/em>&nbsp;2015;&nbsp;12:e1001778.&nbsp;doi: 10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001778.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Myer L, Denny L, Wright TC, and Kuhn L.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17175547\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Prospective study of hormonal contraception and women\u2019s risk of HIV infection in South Africa<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Int J Epidemiol<\/em>&nbsp;2007; 36:166\u2013174.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ralph LJ, McCoy SI,&nbsp;Shiu&nbsp;K and&nbsp;Padian&nbsp;NS.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25578825\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hormonal contraceptive use and women\u2019s risk of HIV acquisition: a meta-analysis of observational studies<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Lancet Infect Dis<\/em>&nbsp;2015; 15:181\u2013189. Doi: 10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)71052\u20131057.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Schindler AE,&nbsp;Campagnoli&nbsp;C,&nbsp;Druckmann&nbsp;R, Huber J, Pasqualini JR, Schweppe KW, and&nbsp;Thijssen&nbsp;JH.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/14670641\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Classification and pharmacology of progestins<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Maturitas<\/em>&nbsp;2003; 46 (Suppl 1):S7-S16. Doi: 10.1016\/j.maturitas.2003.09.014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tomasicchio, Michele,&nbsp;Avenant&nbsp;C, Du Toit A, Ray RM, and&nbsp;Hapgood&nbsp;JP.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23658782\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Progestin-Only Contraceptive Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, but Not Norethisterone Acetate, Enhances HIV-1&nbsp;Vpr-Mediated Apoptosis in Human CD4+ T Cells through the Glucocorticoid Receptor<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>PloS<\/em><em>&nbsp;One<\/em>&nbsp;2013;&nbsp;8:e62895.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wand H and&nbsp;Ramjee&nbsp;G.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22156970\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The effects of injectable hormonal contraceptives on HIV seroconversion and on sexually transmitted infections<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>AIDS<\/em>&nbsp;2012; 26:375\u2013380.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>WHO. Hormonal contraceptive eligibility for women at high risk of HIV. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-2 kt-pane11545_719530-96\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Libido<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>Lee JJML, Low LL, and Ang SB.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S2050052116300221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oral Contraception and Female Sexual Dysfunction in Reproductive Women<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Sexual Medicine Reviews.&nbsp;<\/em>2017; 5:31\u201344.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gardella B,&nbsp;Porru&nbsp;D, Nappi RE,&nbsp;Dacc\u00f2&nbsp;MD, Chiesa A, and&nbsp;Spinillo&nbsp;A.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21477020\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Interstitial cystitis is associated with vulvodynia and sexual dysfunction\u2014a case-control study<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>The Journal of Sexual Medicine&nbsp;<\/em>2011; 8:1726\u20131734. Doi: 10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2011.02251.x.&nbsp;Epub&nbsp;2011 Apr 7.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:15px;}.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid 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.kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#2b3468;}.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:#ffffff;background:#2b3468;border-top-color:#444444;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#444444;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#444444;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#444444;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#2b3468;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#444444;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#444444;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#444444;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#444444;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:15px;}.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#444444;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#444444;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#444444;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#444444;border-left-style:solid;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id11545_783cec-ba kt-accordion-has-2-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"false\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane11545_1a0e59-2c\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Weight Gain<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>Dal\u2019Ava N, Bahamondes L, Bahamondes MV, Bottura BF, and Monteiro I. Body weight and body composition of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate users. <em>Contraception <\/em>2014; 90(2):182\u2013187.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dal\u2019Ava N, Bahamondes L, Bahamondes MV, de Oliveira Santos A, and Monteiro I. Body weight and composition in users of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. <em>Contraception <\/em>2012; 86(4):350\u2013353.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dos Santos, PdeNS, Modesto WO, Dal\u2019Ava N, Bahamondes M, Pavin E, and Fernades A. Body composition and weight gain in new users of the three-monthly injectable contraceptive, depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate, after 12 months of follow-up. <em>European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care <\/em>2014; 19(6):432\u2013438.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Carayon F, Schulz KF, and Helmerhorst FM. Combination contraceptives: effects on weight. <em>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews<\/em> 2014; Issue 1. Art. No.: CD003987.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lopez LM, Ramesh S, Chen M, Edelman A, Otterness C, Trussell J, and Helmerhorst FM. Progestin-only contraceptives: effects on weight (Review). <em>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews<\/em> 2016; Issue 8. Art. No.: CD008815.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lopez LM, Ramesh S, Chen M, Edelman A, Otterness C, Trussell J, and Helmerhorst FM. Progestin-only contraceptives: effects on weight. <em>Cochrane Database Syst Reviews<\/em> 2016a Aug 28;(8):CD008815. Doi: 10.1002\/14651858.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Modesto W, dos Santos PdeNS, Correia VM, Borges L, and Bahamondes L. Weight variation in users of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate, the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and a copper intrauterine device for up to ten years of use. <em>European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care <\/em>2015; 20(1):57\u201363.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Napolitano A, Zanin R, Palma F, Romani C, Grandi G, Di Carlo C, and Cagnacci A. Body composition and resting metabolic rate of perimenopausal women using continuous progestogen contraception. <em>European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care<\/em> 2015 Aug 25 [Epub ahead of print]:1\u20138.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pantoja M, Medeiros T, Baccarin MC, Morais SS, Bahamondes L, and Fernandes AM. Variations in body mass index of users of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate as a contraceptive. <em>Contraception <\/em>2010; 81(2):107\u2013111.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taneepanichskul S, Reinprayoon D, Khaosaad P. Comparative study of weight change between long-term DMPA and IUD acceptors. <em>Contraception <\/em>1998; 58(3):149\u2013151.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vickery Z, Madden T, Zhao Q, Secura GM, Allsworth JE, and Peipert JF. Weight change at 12 months in users of three progestin-only contraceptive methods. <em>Contraception <\/em>2013; 88(4):503\u2013508.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-2 kt-pane11545_5a7ee7-60\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Osteoporosis and bone fractures<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>Barad D, Kooperberg C, Wactawski-Wende J, Liu J, Hendrix SL, and Watts NB. Prior oral contraception and postmenopausal fracture: a Womens\u2019 Health Initiative observational cohort study. <em>Fertility and Sterility<\/em> 2005; 84:374\u2013383.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cooper C, Hannaford P, Croft P, and Kay CR. Oral contraceptive pill use and fractures in women: a prospective study. <em>Bone <\/em>1993; 14(1):41\u201345.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Curtis KM and Martins SL. Progestin-only contraception and bone mineral density: a systematic review. <em>Contraception<\/em> 2006; 73:470\u2013487.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>FDA 2004: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Talk Paper. Black box Warning Added Concerning Long-term Use of Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070809090332\/http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/bbs\/topics\/ANSWERS\/2004\/ANS01325.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070809090332\/http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/bbs\/topics\/ANSWERS\/2004\/ANS01325.html<\/a> (accessed 2019 February 23).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kyvernitakis I, Kostev K, Nassour T, Thomasius F, Hadji P. The impact of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on fracture risk: a case-control study from the UK. <em>Osteoporos Int.<\/em> 2017; 28(1):291-297.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lanza LL, McQuay LJ, Rothman KJ, Bone HG, Kaunitz AM, Harel Z, Ataher Q, Ross D, Arena PL, and Wolter KD. Use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception and incidence of bone fracture. <em>Obstetrics and Gynecology<\/em> 2013; 121(3):593\u2013600.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lopez LM, Chen M, Mullins Long S, Curtis KM, and Helmerhorst FM. Steroidal contraceptives and bone fractures in women: evidence from observational studies (Review). <em>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews<\/em> 2015; Issue 7. Art. No.: CD009849. DOI: 10.1002\/14651858.CD009849.pub3.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meier C, Brauchli YB, Jick SS, Kraenzlin ME, and Meier CR. Use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and fracture risk. <em>Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism<\/em> 2010; 95(11):4909\u20134916.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Memon S, Iversen L, and Hannaford PC. Is the oral contraceptive pill associated with fracture in later life? New Evidence from the Royal College of General Practitioners Oral Contraception Study. <em>Contraception <\/em>2011; 84(1):40\u201347.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Michaelsson K, Baron JA, Farahmand BY, and Ljunghall S. Influence of parity and lactation on hip fracture risk. <em>American Journal of Epidemiology<\/em> 2001; 153(12):1166\u20131172.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Michaelsson K, Baron JA, Farahmand BY, Persson I, and Ljunghall S. Oral-contraceptive use and risk of hip fracture: a case-control study. <em>Lancet<\/em> 1999; 353(9163):1481\u20131484.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O\u2019Neill TW, Marsden D, Adams JE, and Silman AJ. Risk factors, falls, and fracture of the distal forearm in Manchester, UK. <em>Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health<\/em> 1996; 50(3):288\u2013292.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Parazzini G, Tavani A, Ricci E, and La Vecchia C. Menstrual and reproductive factors and hip fractures in post menopausal women. <em>Maturitas<\/em> 1996; 24:191\u2013196.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sirola J, Rikkonen T, Tuppurainen M, Honkanen R, and Kroger H. Should risk of bone fragility restrict weight control for other health reasons in postmenopausal women?\u2014A ten year prospective study. <em>Maturitas <\/em>2012; 71(2):162\u2013168.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tuppurainen M, Honkanen R, Kr\u00f6ger H, Saarikoski S, and Alhava E. Osteoporosis risk factors, gynaecological history and fractures in perimenopausal women\u2014the results of the baseline postal enquiry of the Kuopio Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention Study.<em> Maturitas<\/em> 1993; 17(2):89\u2013100.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vessey M, Mant J, and Painter R. Oral contraception and other factors in relation to hospital referral for fracture. Findings in a large cohort study. <em>Contraception<\/em> 1998; 57(4):231\u2013235.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, and Mosekilde L. Fracture risk in very young women using combined oral contraceptives. <em>Contraception<\/em> 2008a; 78(5):358\u2013364.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, and Mosekilde L. Oral contraceptive use and risk of fractures. <em>Contraception <\/em>2006; 73(6):571\u2013576.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, and Mosekilde L. The effects of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and intrauterine device use on fracture risk in Danish women. <em>Contraception<\/em> 2008b; 78(6):459\u2013464.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wei S, Venn A, Ding C, Foley S, Laslett L, and Jones G. The association between oral contraceptive use, bone mineral density and fractures in women aged 50-80 years. <em>Contraception<\/em> 2011; 84(4):357\u2013362.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Women\u2019s Health Initiative Study Group. Design of the Women\u2019s Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. <em>Controlled Clinical Trials<\/em> 1998; 19(1):61\u2013109.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>This page was last updated on July 24, 2024. <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":{"0":"post-11545","1":"topics","2":"type-topics","3":"status-publish","5":"cs-entry","6":"cs-video-wrap"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Birth Control Side Effects - Natural Womanhood<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The side effects of birth control are numerous, and different women may experience different symptoms. 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