{"id":22010,"date":"2024-12-31T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-12-31T14:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/?p=22010"},"modified":"2025-01-09T19:56:07","modified_gmt":"2025-01-10T01:56:07","slug":"pourquoi-les-femmes-ont-elles-des-regles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/fr\/why-women-have-periods\/","title":{"rendered":"Ce que les ours polaires peuvent nous apprendre sur les raisons des r\u00e8gles chez les femmes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

As you read this article, typed on a laptop and accessed through the internet, it\u2019s easy to appreciate that humans hold a unique place in the animal world. Humans have intelligence, dexterity, and a drive to create that sets them apart. But aside from the traits that allow for the creation of symphonies and cathedrals, there are other <\/em>traits that stand out in the animal world, especially in regards to reproduction.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For one, female humans ovulate in year-round cycles instead of only during a specific time of year, and ovulation is \u201chidden\u201d or without obvious outward signs (just more subtle signs that can be tracked through FAM<\/a>!). Female humans also have periods, something only a few species<\/a>, like apes, eastern-hemisphere monkeys, some bats, and the adorable elephant shrew<\/a> also have. Other species either don\u2019t experience a menstrual cycle or simply reabsorb the uterine lining. It\u2019s an exclusive club, but… why does it exist?\u00a0 Why do women have periods?\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evolutionary Biology 101, or how polar bears help us understand why women have periods<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In my experience with biology research, I\u2019ve found that a lot of \u201cwhy\u201d questions are really \u201chow\u201d questions. In understanding a particular trait, we want to understand how the trait or process works and how this trait came to be. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

An example I like to use for this is polar bears. Polar bears and grizzly bears are closely related, branching from each other a mere six hundred thousand years ago, as reported by National Geographic<\/a>. To answer the question, \u201cWhy do polar bears have white fur?\u201d is relatively simple; white fur blends in with white snow.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a researcher, \u201cHow<\/em> did polar bears get white fur?\u201d seeks to explain further. Ancestors of polar bears likely had brown fur but some bears with white, or at least lighter-colored, coats appeared occasionally as a result of recessive mutation. In temperate time periods, these bears would lead similar lives to their darker-furred peers. However, during ice ages and times with scarce food, light fur would provide enough of an advantage that these bears would be more likely to survive to reproduce than bears without this trait. Over the millenia, genes for dark fur would be gradually removed from the population during times of scarcity until the entirety of these tundra-living bears had white fur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The question, \u201cWhy do women have periods?\u201d is relatively straightforward: women have periods to shed the old uterine lining to prepare a new one. Let\u2019s explore how<\/em> this trait may have come to be and what advantage it provides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Women need periods because of decidualization\u2026<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

First, let\u2019s do a quick recap of what actually goes on during a period. A period is the shedding of the outer layer of the endometrium<\/a>, which lines the uterus<\/a>. This outer layer goes through important structural changes during the menstrual cycle called decidualization<\/em><\/a>. Decidualization is the process of the endometrium preparing for pregnancy and becoming the decidua: it involves changes in endometrial cells, introduces special white blood cells that protect the fetus from the mother\u2019s immune system, and will later alter the setup of the surrounding blood vessels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This process is initiated by the upsurge in progesterone after ovulation, but only in species that menstruate<\/em>. Other mammals\u2019 bodies do not prepare for pregnancy until an embryo is already present. If pregnancy does not occur (in menstruating species) the endometrium that started prepping for pregnancy is shed or reabsorbed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026since human mothers need a two-week head start to prepare for baby\u2019s implantation<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

As we mentioned, menstruating species undergo decidualization each cycle in order to prepare for pregnancy in advance<\/em>. The reason this is so important in humans especially is that our embryos implant deeply<\/em>. This creates a delicate dance between what mom\u2019s body needs and what the embryo needs. The embryo needs to attach securely and access nutrient-rich blood as soon as it can. However, the mother\u2019s body has to set healthy boundaries around this enthusiastic implantation approach. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thus, the mother\u2019s body gets a two-week head start on preparing the endometrium to thicken the lining and prevent the embryo from burrowing too deeply into the uterus. Achieving this deep-dive into mom\u2019s tissue is also a crucial testing ground the embryo must pass.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Successful embryonic implantation is a key reason why women have periods <\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Research in mice<\/a> has demonstrated how the uterus and embryo must signal to one another for implantation to occur [1]. If the newly conceived blastocyst is not viable, as some research indicates<\/a> is the case nearly half the time, implantation will not occur [2].\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the creation of this well-prepared, thick uterine lining is beneficial when a viable pregnancy occurs, it creates a dilemma when no pregnancy, or an early pregnancy loss, occurs. In early pregnancy loss<\/a>, the only way for the embryo to leave the body is for the body to shed the uterine lining (lest it risk infection). Even when no pregnancy occurs, this thick, specialized endometrium cannot be reabsorbed like in other mammals and must be shed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why can\u2019t the body just have this specialized endometrium all the time?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

For a lot of women, periods are no walk in the park. It might sound like overkill for the body to replace the endometrium month after month, especially if there\u2019s no chance of pregnancy. One theory is that it actually takes less<\/em> energy and resources to replace the endometrium rather than to maintain it. For women whose reproductive history has allowed them to sidestep many years of menstruation (i.e. having many children with long periods of lactational amenorrhea), this theory has some merit. For women who menstruate for all or most of their reproductive years, especially with heavy or painful periods, this theory starts to sound a lot less compelling! <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another theory is that it\u2019s risky business to keep endometrial tissue around for too long. The process of decidualization prompts the endometrial cells to transform and grow rapidly, a process that, if it gets out of control, can turn cancerous. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The couch-surfer vs. deluxe guest room model of childbearing<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Overall, the concept of decidualization simply provides more details about what we already know about the menstrual cycle; namely, it allows the body to prepare for pregnancy. Importantly, while other species are content to let an embryo crash on the couch, so to speak, the human body needs to craft a plush, deluxe guest room in advance. This is because human embryos are voracious guests who settle in deeply, and form deeply-rooted placentas to get all the nutrients their complex bodies and brains will need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Everyone deserves to know why women have periods<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

As explored in our Reasons Women Need Periods<\/a> series, this recurrent, hormone-driven process affects the body as a whole. As someone who loves biology, learning answers about periods leads me to more questions, especially regarding how so many parts of the body rely on the fluctuating balance of estrogen and progesterone the menstrual cycle creates to develop and function. The body is fascinating, and one way to start learning about how your body works is through fertility awareness and discovering how this complex system works for you personally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References:<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n[1] Yang Y, Zhu QY, Liu JL. Deciphering mouse uterine receptivity for embryo implantation at single-cell resolution. Cell Prolif. 2021 Nov;54(11):e13128. doi: 10.1111\/cpr.13128. Epub 2021 Sep 23. PMID: 34558134; PMCID: PMC8560620.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[2] Wilcox AJ, Harmon Q, Doody K, Wolf DP, Adashi EY. Preimplantation loss of fertilized human ova: estimating the unobservable. Hum Reprod. 2020 Apr 28;35(4):743-750. doi: 10.1093\/humrep\/deaa048. PMID: 32296829; PMCID: PMC8287936.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"La biologie \u00e9volutive a ses raisons","protected":false},"author":98,"featured_media":22011,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":true,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","csco_singular_sidebar":"","csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_post_video_location":[],"csco_post_video_url":"","csco_post_video_bg_start_time":0,"csco_post_video_bg_end_time":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5177,5330,5332,5316],"tags":[5459,5471],"class_list":{"0":"post-22010","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-know-your-body","8":"category-reasons-women-need-periods","9":"category-teaching-teens-about-their-bodies","10":"category-trying-to-conceive","11":"tag-reasons-women-need-periods","12":"tag-trying-to-conceive","13":"cs-entry","14":"cs-video-wrap"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhat polar bears can tell us about why women have periods - Natural Womanhood<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Why do women have periods when the vast majority of mammals do not? 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