{"id":17827,"date":"2023-07-28T09:32:36","date_gmt":"2023-07-28T14:32:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/?p=17827"},"modified":"2024-09-18T11:24:42","modified_gmt":"2024-09-18T16:24:42","slug":"contraception-orale-depression-adolescents","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/fr\/oral-contraception-depression-teens\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9tude : L'utilisation de la contraception orale est li\u00e9e \u00e0 un risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 de d\u00e9pression chez les adolescentes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>You already know hormonal birth control boasts common side effects like bloating, acne, spotting, and fatigue, to name a few. But popular health websites like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/birth-control-side-effects#side-effects\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Healthline<\/em> are typically quick to assure readers that most side effects are \u201cmild.\u201d<\/a> Many doctors, too\u2014and perhaps now increasingly so with the <a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/over-the-counter-birth-control\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">FDA approval<\/a> of the over-the-counter \u201cmini-pill\u201d\u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/over-the-counter-birth-control\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">confidently brush aside any concerns about hormonal birth control<\/a>, and maintain that the obvious positive of preventing unwanted pregnancy offsets any potential risks. Even <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/science\/article\/birth-control-pills-common-questions-science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">National Geographic<\/a> assures readers that we need not be worried about long-term effects from the pill. This is because \u201cthere\u2019s no evidence that the pill causes permanent changes in the body.\u201d But is it true that long-term effects from the pill don\u2019t exist? A new study suggests otherwise. Those who start oral contraception in their teens have a <em>significantly<\/em> higher risk of developing depression. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-study\"><span id=\"the-study\">The study&nbsp;<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A recently published observational <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/epidemiology-and-psychiatric-sciences\/article\/populationbased-cohort-study-of-oral-contraceptive-use-and-risk-of-depression\/B3C611DD318D7DC536B4BD439343A5BD\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">study<\/a> out of Uppsala University in Sweden tracked the effects of oral contraceptive (OC) use on the risk of new-onset depression [1]. This study was novel in its approach because the Uppsala researchers specifically sought to prevent \u201chealthy user bias\u201d from muddying the study results\u2014more on this later.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Uppsala researchers obtained data on 264,557 women aged 37-71 years old from the UK Biobank. The UK Biobank is a huge database of genetic and health information from over half a million participants for the purpose of providing data and resources in medical research. The women\u2019s health data was collected via questionnaires and medical records over the course of four years (from 2006-2010). As they analyzed the data, the researchers homed in on women\u2019s responses to questions about initiation and length of OC use. The majority of participants began to take OC in the 1970s and 1980s.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The researchers also examined participants\u2019 depression rates in one of two ways. Some women had a clinical diagnosis of depression in their medical record. Separately, over 80,000 women of the total 250,000 studied took an online mental health questionnaire. The results of this questionnaire were also studied to pick up on women who experienced depression symptoms but never sought treatment or received a clinical diagnosis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-who-wasn-t-included-in-the-study\"><span id=\"who-wasnt-included-in-the-study\">Who <em>wasn\u2019t<\/em> included in the study?&nbsp;<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Many women were excluded from the researchers\u2019 analysis due to factors that could confound the results. These included women who had given birth within one year (and were therefore at risk for <a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/video-postpartum-depression-and-anxiety-a-restorative-approach-to-recovery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">postpartum depression<\/a>), women who had reached menopause, women who had other psychiatric disorders, women who had a medical indication to take OC, women who did not identify as white, and women who had never taken OC.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The researchers also adjusted for other factors that could affect depression rates, such as socioeconomic status and number of births. They further adjusted for the possibility of increased depression risk due to earlier age at menarche (first period), family predisposition, and\/or early sexual activity. A sibling analysis specifically addressed the concern of family predisposition, rather than OC use, as a cause for depression.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-the-researchers-found-an-astounding-rise-in-depression-risk-for-new-oc-users\"><span id=\"what-the-researchers-found-an-astounding-rise-in-depression-risk-for-new-oc-users\">What the researchers found: an astounding rise in depression risk for new OC users<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Within the first two years of OC use, women showed a <em>73% <\/em>increased risk of developing depression unattributed to other factors. Continued use drove these numbers higher. Adult women, women over age 20, experienced a <em>92%<\/em> risk increase. Teenagers experienced an astounding <em>130% <\/em>increased risk of depression. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The good news is that adult women who stopped using OC eventually returned to a normal risk of depression. However, teenagers did not fare so well: researchers found that teenage girls <em>continued <\/em>to demonstrate a higher risk after discontinuation of OC into adulthood.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-why-is-new-onset-depression-risk-highest-for-new-oc-users-in-their-teens\"><span id=\"why-is-new-onset-depression-risk-highest-for-new-oc-users-in-their-teens\">Why is new-onset depression risk highest for new OC users in their teens?&nbsp;<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Why might teens who start taking OC be at higher risk for developing depression than older users? And why might their risk persist even after they stop OC? As the researchers wrote: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cIt has been hypothesized that the increased risk later in life among those who used OCs during adolescence may be attributed to a greater susceptibility to gonadal hormones, including hormonal contraception, during crucial developmental periods that affect the organization of brain structures and may lead to long-lasting changes (Anderl <em>et al.<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34254301\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">2022<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31461541\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">2020<\/a>; Cahill, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S2352154618300792\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">2018<\/a>; de Wit <em>et al.<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31577333\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">2020<\/a>)\u201d [1]. <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>We already know that <a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/reasons-women-need-periods-the-role-of-the-menstrual-cycle-in-brain-health-development\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">teens need normal, healthy menstrual cycles for proper brain development<\/a>. How much more damaging is it to a young, growing brain to not only <em>prevent<\/em> that cycle from happening but also to <em>increase <\/em>that brain\u2019s susceptibility to mental health problems?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-accounting-for-healthy-user-bias-what-sets-this-study-apart-from-others-that-found-no-association-between-oc-use-and-depression-risk\"><span id=\"accounting-for-healthy-user-bias-what-sets-this-study-apart-from-others-that-found-no-association-between-oc-use-and-depression-risk\">Accounting for \u201chealthy user bias:\u201d what sets this study apart from others that found no association between OC use and depression risk<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Some will object that <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34837324\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">other studies<\/a> have found no such association between OC use and depression risk [2]. In fact, some studies that examined the relationship between OC use and depression risk found no increase in the risk or even a decrease in risk. How can this be?\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Allow me to point out the nuance of the Uppsala study compared to others. The authors of this particular study believe that the lack of evidence for increased depression risk with OC use in other studies could possibly stem from <a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/topic\/birth-control-side-effects\/depression\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">healthy user bias<\/a>. Healthy user bias is the phenomenon in research wherein participants drop out of drug studies due to their side effects. When this happens, the participants who remain in the study are the \u201chealthy users.\u201d When healthy user bias isn\u2019t properly accounted for within a study, common side effects of a medication may appear rare, or less serious than they are, because only those who <em>do not <\/em>suffer from them or experience a mild version remain in the study.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Uppsala researchers hypothesized that, in the case of oral contraceptives, the depression risk may be highest in new users, and the increased risk could decrease slowly over time. For these reasons, lumping all users together may obscure this heightened risk in new users. To mitigate this, the Uppsala study examined data from new users <em>separately<\/em> from data from current users. The researchers noted: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cOur study found higher depression rates in the first years after discontinuing OCs. This may reflect that women who get mood-related problems discontinue OC use, but are not diagnosed with depression until after cessation\u201d [1].\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-increased-depression-risk-in-oc-users-especially-teens-isn-t-new-news\"><span id=\"increased-depression-risk-in-oc-users-especially-teens-isnt-new-news\">Increased depression risk in OC users, especially teens, isn\u2019t new news&nbsp;<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The results of the Uppsala study build on other evidence that has come before it. Other studies have found that <a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/study-shows-link-between-teen-birth-control-use-and-adult-depression-2019\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">teenage users of hormonal contraceptives are as much as three times more likely to have depression<\/a> as adults, that adolescent OC use increases the risk of <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34254301\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">at least one future major depressive disorder<\/a>, and that use of hormonal contraception <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27680324\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">is associated with subsequent use of antidepressants<\/a>, particularly in adolescents [3][4].\u00a0 (Of note, in this last study, the incidence of depression was <em>higher<\/em> when adolescents used progestin-only pills, like <a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/over-the-counter-birth-control\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the much-debated \u201cmini-pill\u201d<\/a> that the FDA recently approved for over-the-counter use).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-here-s-what-still-needs-to-be-studied-regarding-depression-risk-and-oc-users\"><span id=\"heres-what-still-needs-to-be-studied-regarding-depression-risk-and-oc-users\">Here\u2019s what still needs to be studied regarding depression risk and OC users&nbsp;<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-future-research-shouldn-t-just-study-healthy-white-women\"><span id=\"future-research-shouldnt-just-study-healthy-white-women\">Future research shouldn\u2019t just study healthy white women<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Uppsala University researchers identified multiple areas in need of further research. Among them is a fuller picture of depression risk amongst users of different nationalities. Most of the participants in the UK Biobank were white Europeans and in good health. Future research should give a fuller picture of risk to multiple populations, including minority women.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-different-study-design-is-needed-to-account-for-potential-recall-bias\"><span id=\"a-different-study-design-is-needed-to-account-for-potential-recall-bias\">A different study design is needed to account for potential recall bias<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Uppsala study relied partially on self-reported medical history collected from the women themselves. Therefore, there could be some <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/publications\/dictionaries\/cancer-terms\/def\/recall-bias\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">recall bias<\/a>, since the researchers did not observe many of these things\u2014such as initial OC use, for example\u2014in real time. Different study designs are more useful for accounting for potential recall bias than others. This isn\u2019t a critique of the Uppsala University research study design. It\u2019s simply an acknowledgment that each type of study design has inherent strengths as well as vulnerabilities. If a randomized, controlled trial on this topic found similar results, that would bolster confidence in the conclusions of the Uppsala University observational study.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-research-is-needed-on-all-kinds-of-hormonal-birth-control-not-just-ocs\"><span id=\"research-is-needed-on-all-kinds-of-hormonal-birth-control-not-just-ocs\">Research is needed on all kinds of hormonal birth control, not just OCs<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>To give a more complete picture of the effects of hormonal birth control on mental health, all types of birth control need to be studied, not just oral contraceptives. Given the timing of initial OC use for many of the women in the study, it is likely that the results are based largely on so-called second-generation OCs, which contain both synthetic progesterone (progestin) and estrogen and were prevalent in the UK during the 1970s and 1980s. However, this is not known with certainty, and further research needs to be conducted on the effects of each generation of hormonal contraception (and, ideally, on each route of administration) on a woman\u2019s mental and physical health.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Encouragingly, one of the researchers leading the study, Therese Johansson, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2023\/06\/230612114717.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">pledged to do just this<\/a>: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cIn a future study, we plan to examine different formulations and methods of administration.\u00a0Our ambition in comparing different contraceptive methods is to give women even more information to help them take well-informed decisions about their contraceptive options.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-bottom-line\"><span id=\"the-bottom-line\">The bottom line<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>And that is exactly the point. Women, young and old, need <em>more<\/em> information to help them make <em>well-informed<\/em> decisions about their own bodies and health. Our teenagers need to know <a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/naturalwomanhood-org-teen-periods-part-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">what\u2019s normal for their menstrual cycle and what\u2019s not<\/a>. They need to know why their fertility is a major biomarker of their health. None of this information is available to them with birth control use. Furthermore, adolescence is a time period of heightened emotions, sudden body changes, and mystifying hormonal shifts. Let\u2019s not add depression to the already-lengthy list of physical and emotional challenges a teenager navigates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>References:<\/p>\n\n\n\n[1]Johansson, T., Vinther Larsen, S., Bui, M., Ek, W., Karlsson, T., &amp; Johansson, \u00c5. (2023). Population-based cohort study of oral contraceptive use and risk of depression. <em>Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences,<\/em> <em>32<\/em>, E39. doi:10.1017\/S2045796023000525<\/p>\n\n\n\n[2] Lundin, C et al. \u201cThere is no association between combined oral hormonal contraceptives and depression: a Swedish register-based cohort study.\u201d <em>BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology<\/em> vol. 129,6 (2022): 917-925. doi:10.1111\/1471-0528.17028<\/p>\n\n\n\n[3] Anderl, Christine et al. \u201cAssociation between adolescent oral contraceptive use and future major depressive disorder: a prospective cohort study.\u201d <em>Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines<\/em> vol. 63,3 (2022): 333-341. doi:10.1111\/jcpp.13476<\/p>\n\n\n\n[4] Skovlund, Charlotte Wessel et al. \u201cAssociation of Hormonal Contraception With Depression.\u201d <em>JAMA psychiatry<\/em> vol. 73,11 (2016): 1154-1162. doi:10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.2387<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Additional Reading:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/severe-depression-mental-health-birth-control-studies-find-link-2019\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The link between depression and birth control<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/study-shows-link-between-teen-birth-control-use-and-adult-depression-2019\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Study shows link between teen birth control use and adult depression<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/pill-birth-control-side-effects-depression-suicide-mental-illness-2019\/\">Woman\u2019s depression and mental illness symptoms disappear after getting off the Pill<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/should-you-put-your-teenage-daughter-on-hormonal-birth-control\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Should you put your teen daughter on hormonal birth control?&nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/cycle-health-for-teen-girls\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cThe menstrual cycle is a vital sign of your health\u201d: a women\u2019s health NP explains why every pre-teen girl needs to learn about her cycle<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Vous savez d\u00e9j\u00e0 que les contraceptifs hormonaux ont des effets secondaires courants comme les ballonnements, l'acn\u00e9, les taches et la fatigue, pour...","protected":false},"author":100,"featured_media":17828,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","csco_singular_sidebar":"","csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_post_video_location":[],"csco_post_video_url":"","csco_post_video_bg_start_time":0,"csco_post_video_bg_end_time":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5183,5270],"tags":[5707,3635,5655],"class_list":{"0":"post-17827","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-birth-control-issues","8":"category-mental-health-and-libido-side-effects","9":"tag-birth-control-risks","10":"tag-depression","11":"tag-teen-birth-control","12":"cs-entry","13":"cs-video-wrap"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Study: Oral contraception use in teens raises depression risk<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A new study found significant increase in risk of new-onset depression for teen oral contraception users, even after they stopped the Pill.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/fr\/contraception-orale-depression-adolescents\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Study: Oral contraception use linked to high risk of depression in teen users\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"You already know hormonal birth control boasts common side effects like bloating, acne, spotting, and fatigue, to name a few. But popular health websites\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/fr\/contraception-orale-depression-adolescents\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Natural Womanhood\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/NaturalWomanhood\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-07-28T14:32:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-09-18T16:24:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/AdobeStock_260305721-scaled.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1707\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Clare Sharp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@naturwomanhood\" \/>\n<meta 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