{"id":14835,"date":"2022-05-13T11:48:22","date_gmt":"2022-05-13T16:48:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/?p=14835"},"modified":"2025-01-23T09:49:01","modified_gmt":"2025-01-23T15:49:01","slug":"faux-positifs-frequents-lors-des-tests-genetiques-prenataux","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/fr\/frequent-false-positive-with-prenatal-genetic-testing\/","title":{"rendered":"Le NYT r\u00e9v\u00e8le que les faux positifs des tests g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques pr\u00e9nataux sont plus fr\u00e9quents qu'on ne le pense. "},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Early on in my first pregnancy, my obstetrician suggested I have a newer form of prenatal genetic testing. The test, called non-invasive prenatal testing<\/a> (NIPT), analyzes pieces of DNA from the pregnant mother\u2019s bloodstream during the first trimester to determine the likelihood of her baby having certain genetic disorders.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like any screening test, NIPT can give wrong results<\/a>, and when I was pregnant I wanted to know how often that happened before agreeing to the test. But when I inquired, neither the obstetrician nor her nurse practitioner offered a response, instead deflecting and pressuring me to the point where I felt I had no choice. Their inability to answer that basic question, whether because they didn\u2019t know the answer or because they felt for some reason that providing that information might dissuade me from choosing the testing, was disconcerting. (Although I was taken aback by the experience, I should not have been surprised, because evidence suggests<\/a> that clinicians do a poor job of counseling women about prenatal testing and often fail to mention that any woman can decline testing<\/a> [1].)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As it turns out, I was right to be skeptical about my need for prenatal genetic testing. A positive genetic screening test result, suggesting the baby has a disorder, can often be wrong, according to a recent bombshell report<\/a> from The New York Times. <\/em>(I say “suggesting,” because screening tests are not diagnostic, and therefore cannot tell you definitively one way or another whether your baby actually has the disorder for which he or she is being screened.) This is known as a false-positive result<\/a>. False-positives are more likely to happen when the disorders being tested for are rare, when several are tested for at the same time, and when women who are not at risk for having a baby with a chromosomal disorder (like I was) are tested. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A negative result, suggesting the baby has none of the disorders tested, can also be wrong. This is called a false-negative. But because a false-negative does not cause nearly so much distress or anxiety during pregnancy, and generally leads to no further testing (whereas a false-positive would have follow-up testing), much of this article will focus on the problem of false-positive results from non-invasive prenatal testing can create.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is non-invasive prenatal testing? <\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Typically, non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is used to screen for disorders in which there is a missing or extra chromosome. Most often<\/a>, the disorders tested are Down syndrome, Edward syndrome, Patau syndrome, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Triple X syndrome, and Jacob syndrome [2]. Tests can also screen for rarer chromosomal disorders and those in which small pieces of chromosomes are missing, known as microdeletions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

When NIPT first became available a decade ago, it was mainly used<\/a> for pregnant women who had a high risk for having a baby with a chromosomal disorder [3]. For example, pregnant women over the age of 35 have an elevated risk<\/a> because of their age. As of 2020 though, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends<\/a> that all<\/em> pregnant women<\/a> be offered NIPT, regardless of their risk.    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The test itself poses no risk to the mother or her baby and is a welcome alternative to invasive prenatal genetic tests<\/a> like chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis, because both have a risk of miscarriage. NIPT results are generally characterized as \u201cpositive\u201d or \u201cnegative,\u201d but sometimes no result is given<\/a> because not enough DNA was found in the bloodstream. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Because NIPT is merely a screening test, it can only tell you whether your baby potentially<\/em> has, or does not have, a genetic disorder. In more blunt terms, the test results can be wrong, and often are, as evidenced by the NYT report. While amniocentesis is the only prenatal test that can tell you with near<\/em> certainty your baby\u2019s health, only waiting until your baby is born can tell you for sure.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

So, how often are<\/em> these prenatal test results wrong?  <\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Oftentimes, testing is described as 99% accurate<\/a>\u2014which sounds incredibly impressive\u2014but this is misleading and doesn\u2019t tell you the odds that your positive result is actually right [4]. Researchers in the United Kingdom recently helped break this down for three disorders routinely tested for\u2014Down syndrome, Edward syndrome, and Patau syndrome\u2014by analyzing data from several studies.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

What the researchers found was stunning: They estimate<\/a> that, if you are at high risk, a positive result for Down syndrome is correct 91% of the time and wrong 9% of the time [4]. That means one in ten women who receive a positive result suggesting her baby has Down syndrome will go on to have a baby without<\/em> the condition. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyond Down syndrome, which is the most common chromosomal disorder, testing accuracy falls, even for high-risk women, because the chromosomal disorders tested for are far less common. For instance, an estimated<\/a> one in six high-risk women who learn their baby may have Edward syndrome will give birth to a baby without the condition [4]. Similarly, one in eight high-risk women who receive a result that indicates Patau syndrome will go on to have a baby free from the condition.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

NIPT is less accurate for women in low-risk category for chromosomal disorders<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The researchers from the United Kingdom also found that the proportion of false-positives is particularly high for women who are not <\/em>high risk (more on who is considered high-risk here<\/a>), which is most women. For that reason, other experts have cautioned<\/a> against offering the test to this group of women [3]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

For women who are not high risk, it\u2019s estimated<\/a> that a positive result for Down syndrome turns out to be wrong for one in five women, and a positive result for Edward syndrome or Patau syndrome is wrong more often than it is right<\/em> [4]. And these three conditions\u2014Down syndrome, Edward syndrome, and Patau syndrome\u2014are arguably the ones that can be detected with the most<\/em> accuracy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

NIPT is wrong \u201cmost of the time\u201d for these disorders\u2013but why?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The analysis<\/a> by the New York Times <\/em>mentioned above found that tests that look at particularly rare chromosomal disorders are wrong most of the time<\/em><\/strong>. Other researchers have warned this would happen<\/a>, even for chromosomal disorders that are more common [5]. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is now warning<\/a> women about the possibility of incorrect results and inappropriate interpretation of the results.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

But why are these tests so inaccurate? The high rate of false-positives is somewhat expected when testing for very rare conditions. But there are a few other possible explanations<\/a> [6]. For example, because this test is performed by humans, a laboratory error can occur. Additionally, if the pregnant mother herself has a chromosomal disorder but is unaware of it, that too can give a false-positive result.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where<\/em> the DNA comes from matters too. The pieces of DNA in the mother\u2019s bloodstream that are tested actually come from the placenta, which has nearly<\/em> the same DNA as the unborn baby because they originate from the same cells. But, about 1 to 2 percent of the time, the placenta has a different number of chromosomes while the baby has the correct number, a phenomenon known as confined placental mosaicism<\/a>. When that happens, a test can show that the baby has a disorder but in reality he or she is perfectly fine. It\u2019s just the placenta that has the wrong number of chromosomes. For that reason, invasive testing with chorionic villus sampling, which tests DNA from the placenta, can give wrong results<\/a>, and test results from chorionic villus sampling should never<\/em> be considered diagnostic.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wrong NIPT results can prompt anxiety\u2014or worse <\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Because NIPT could only tell me whether my baby potentially<\/em> had a disease, and a positive result would only cause anxiety for months to come, I knew it wasn\u2019t the right test for me, despite the pressure I felt from my doctor. Pregnant mothers should always be properly counseled before and after NIPT. They should be counseled that they have a choice whether to undergo testing, and cautioned that test results can be inaccurate for various reasons. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, one study<\/a> found that, even with counseling, some women ended their pregnancies when testing revealed that their babies could<\/em> have a disorder [7]. This should never<\/em> be done, both because the results can very well be wrong and because abortions themselves come with risks<\/a>, potentially affecting future pregnancies by putting women at higher risk of preterm birth<\/a> [8]. Again, the only way to know for certain whether your baby actually has one of these disorders is to wait for the baby to be born. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A note about the risks of amniocentesis <\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Another reason I declined NIPT was because the only way to relieve my anxiety during pregnancy (should I receive a positive result from NIPT) would be to have an amniocentesis. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

During an amniocentesis, a thin needle is inserted into the pregnant woman\u2019s uterus to collect amniotic fluid. That fluid is then tested for various disorders. But amniocentesis comes with a risk of miscarriage and can sometimes be wrong, too<\/a> (either in the form of false-negative or false-positive results<\/a>) though how often that happens in unclear [9]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

While miscarriage rates with amniocentesis are less than one percent<\/a> in the United States, experts warn<\/a> that the rates could rise as NIPT becomes more popular, and less invasive testing is done to the point that clinicians lose their skills for performing more invasive procedures [10]. Remember, before NIPT became available, invasive testing options (like amniocentesis) were the only <\/em>option, and clinicians routinely performed these tests. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Refusing NIPT doesn\u2019t mean you\u2019re flying blind\u2014a routine ultrasound at 20 weeks can reveal much about your baby\u2019s health  <\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In the end, I declined NIPT during my pregnancy. And, for reasons unrelated to my poor experience (we moved) I ended up switching obstetricians part way through my pregnancy. Oh, the difference that made! <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The doctor who saw me through the rest of my pregnancy never pressured me to have NIPT. I learned from that doctor, too, that the ultrasound scan done around week 20 of pregnancy, commonly called the anatomy scan, can reveal much about your baby\u2019s growth and development and even identify birth defects<\/a>, which babies with chromosomal disorders often have [11]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, an ultrasound is also a screening test, and cannot tell you for sure whether your baby has a disorder. Again, you\u2019ll have to wait until the baby is born for any definitive diagnosis. Still, ultrasound can provide some peace of mind and it has a lower false-positive rate<\/a> than non-invasive prenatal testing [12].  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Certainly, wanting to know as much as possible about a child\u2019s health challenges ahead of time is understandable, and can give parents time to prepare to meet their child\u2019s unique needs. But prenatal testing can still only give limited information, and especially for women who are not at high-risk, these tests may induce unnecessary anxiety and heartbreak. Furthermore, as writer Amy Julia Becker (who has a daughter with Down syndrome) noted in a recent op-ed<\/a> for the New York Times<\/em>:  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u201cThe assumptions behind our prenatal testing programs also condition parents\u2014and society as a whole\u2014to see our kids as valuable according to their physical strength, intellectual capacity and social acuity rather than setting us up to receive their lives as they are given.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Prenatal genetic tests, if accurate, can tell what\u2019s medically wrong, but they are no crystal ball into the future. And they cannot tell what good is coming, what joy and light that unique child will bring into the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n[1] Colicchia LC, et al. \u201cPatient-Health Care Provider Conversations About Prenatal Genetic Screening: Recommendation or Personal Choice.\u201d Obstetrics and Gynecology<\/em>, vol. 127, no. 6, 2016, pp. 1145-1152. DOI: 10.1097\/aog.0000000000001433. PMID: 27159763; PMCID: PMC4879044. <\/p>\n\n\n\n[2] Ravitsky, Vardit et al. (2021). \u201cThe Emergence and Global Spread of Noninvasive Prenatal Testing.\u201d Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics<\/em>, vol. 22, 2021, pp. 308-339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-genom-083118-015053<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n[3] Labont\u00e9, Val\u00e9rie et al. \u201cPsychological and Social Consequences of Non-invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT): a Scoping Review.\u201d BMC pregnancy and childbirth<\/em>, vol. 19, no. 1, 2019, pp. 385. doi:10.1186\/s12884-019-2518-x.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[4] Taylor-Phillips, Sian et al. \u201cAccuracy of Non-invasive prenatal Testing Using Cell-free DNA for Detection of Down, Edwards and Patau Syndromes: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.\u201d BMJ open<\/em>, vol. 6, no.1, 2016, e010002.  doi:10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[5] Thomas, Joseph et al. \u201cNon-invasive Prenatal Testing: Clinical Utility and Ethical Concerns about Recent Advances.\u201d Med J Aust<\/em>, vol. 214, no. 4, 2021. doi: 10.5694\/mja2.50928<\/p>\n\n\n\n[6] McCullough, RM. et al. \u201cNon-Invasive Prenatal Chromosomal Aneuploidy Testing- Clinical Experience: 100,000 Clinical Samples.\u201d PLOS ONE<\/em>. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0109173<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n[7] Dobson, Lori J. et al. \u201cPatient Choice and Clinical Outcomes Following Positive Noninvasive Prenatal Screening for Aneuploidy with Cell-Free DNA (cfDNA).\u201d Prenatal Diagnosis<\/em>, vol. 36, no. 5, 2016, pp. 456-462. doi:10.1002\/pd.4805<\/p>\n\n\n\n[8] Magro Malosso, Elena Rita et al. \u201cUS trends in abortion and preterm birth.\u201d The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians<\/em> vol. 31, no. 18, 2018, pp. 2463-2467. doi:10.1080\/14767058.2017.1344963.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[9] Alfirevic, Z et al. \u201cAmniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis.\u201d The Cochrane database of systematic reviews<\/em>, vol. 3, 2003, CD003252. doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD003252<\/p>\n\n\n\n[10] Hui., L et al. \u201cHow to Safeguard Competency and Training in Invasive Prenatal Diagnosis: \u2018The Elephant in the Room.\u2019\u201d  Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol<\/em>, vol. 47, no. 1,  2016, pp. 8\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/uog.15806<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[11] Karim, J N et al. \u201cSystematic review of first-trimester ultrasound screening for detection of fetal structural anomalies and factors that affect screening performance.\u201d Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology<\/em> vol. 50, no. 4, 2017, pp. 429-441. doi:10.1002\/uog.17246<\/p>\n\n\n\n[12] Debost-Legrand, A. et al. \u201cFalse Positive Morphologic Diagnoses at the Anomaly Scan: Marginal or Real Problem, a Population-based Cohort Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth<\/em>, vol. 14, no. 112, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2393-14-112<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Au d\u00e9but de ma premi\u00e8re grossesse, mon obst\u00e9tricien m'a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 de subir une nouvelle forme de test g\u00e9n\u00e9tique pr\u00e9natal (....).","protected":false},"author":93,"featured_media":14837,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","csco_singular_sidebar":"","csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_post_video_location":[],"csco_post_video_url":"","csco_post_video_bg_start_time":0,"csco_post_video_bg_end_time":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5185,5352],"tags":[5457,6428],"class_list":{"0":"post-14835","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-pregnancy-childbirth","8":"category-pregnancy-health","9":"tag-pregnancy-health","10":"tag-prenatal-testing","11":"cs-entry","12":"cs-video-wrap"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFalse Positives and Prenatal Genetic Testing - 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