{"id":24519,"date":"2026-07-02T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-07-02T13:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/?p=24519"},"modified":"2026-06-26T07:26:17","modified_gmt":"2026-06-26T12:26:17","slug":"sperm-dna-fragmentation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/es\/sperm-dna-fragmentation\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00bfDe qu\u00e9 manera podr\u00edan ayudar las pruebas de fragmentaci\u00f3n del ADN esperm\u00e1tico a las parejas con infertilidad de causa desconocida?\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Of the 15% of couples globally who experience infertility, male factors are solely responsible in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK562258\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">20<\/a>% of cases and contributory in up to 50% of cases [1]. Out of those same 15% of infertile couples worldwide, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hopkinsmedicine.org\/gynecology-obstetrics\/specialty-areas\/fertility-center\/conditions-we-treat\/unexplained-infertility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">20%<\/a> will receive a diagnosis of \u201cunexplained infertility.\u201d At present, if a couple experiences infertility (no pregnancy after 12 months of unprotected sexual intercourse when the female is under age 35, and six months if she is over 35), a primary care doctor or OB\/GYN will typically order an initial medical workup of both the male and the female.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Routine <em>male<\/em> infertility workups include a comprehensive reproductive and medical history plus a sperm analysis (described below). But evidence increasingly suggests the importance of an additional test: sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) testing. SDF testing may be helpful specifically for couples with \u201cunexplained\u201d infertility.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the basic medical workup for the male and\/or female doesn\u2019t yield an identifiable cause for the couple\u2019s inability to conceive, they may be referred on to an IVF clinic. Unfortunately, as noted by leading urologic and reproductive <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8761233\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">experts<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"> <\/span><\/a>in 2021, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) centers like IVF clinics often don\u2019t refer patients to urologists for in-depth male factor infertility workups until <em>after<\/em> a couple has had one or more failed rounds of IVF [2].&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fortunately, as the 2021 expert review observed, \u201cPrompt assessment of the male partner, including the level of SDF may allow early identification of underlying pathological factors and can direct towards targeted treatment paths, reducing the cost and burden of unnecessary interventions or repeated failed ART.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-seminal-fluid-analysis-is-routinely-performed-in-male-infertility-evaluations-nbsp\"><span id=\"seminal-fluid-analysis-is-routinely-performed-in-male-infertility-evaluations\">Seminal fluid analysis is routinely performed in male infertility evaluations&nbsp;<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/semen-analysis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sperm analysis<\/a> or seminal fluid analysis (SFA) is a mainstay of male infertility workups. SFA involves examining seminal fluid (ejaculated fluid that contains sperm) under a microscope to assess markers of health such as number, shape, and motility (movement). SFA is performed several times, with at least a week and up to a month between tests, because results can vary dramatically from one day to the next. This is because caffeine, alcohol, smoking, <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC5354694\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">certain medications<\/a> (such as testosterone therapy and antidepressants), and illicit drug use can all negatively impact SFA results [3]. For this reason, the trend is more helpful than just one sample.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While on the one hand restorative reproductive medicine practitioners like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/DLprqJMs1J-\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Dr. Naomi Whittaker<\/a> consider sperm analysis \u201cthe single best snapshot into the body of a man just like cycle charting is for women,\u201d it still has definitive drawbacks. Seminal fluid testing <em>alone<\/em> cannot diagnose or even reliably predict infertility, though the more abnormal SFA parameters one has, the higher the likelihood of trouble conceiving. What\u2019s more, SFA parameters only flag as \u201cabnormal\u201d when the results are in the <em>5th percentile <\/em>or below, based on a 2010 World Health Organization <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8706130\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">laboratory manual<\/a> [4]. (Of note: today\u2019s 5th percentile is dramatically lower than yesteryear\u2019s 5th percentile due to <a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/low-sperm-counts-male-fertility-crisis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">massive reductions <\/a>in sperm counts over the last five decades.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-about-cases-of-unexplained-infertility-with-normal-sperm-analysis-results\"><span id=\"what-about-cases-of-unexplained-infertility-with-normal-sperm-analysis-results\">What about cases of \u201cunexplained infertility\u201d with normal sperm analysis results?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perhaps most importantly, as <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC5643698\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">noted<\/a> in a 2017 commentary on sperm DNA fragmentation testing guidelines, up to 30% of infertile couples may have a normal semen analysis and \u201c<em>no obvious reason<\/em> for their inability to conceive\u201d (emphasis added) [5]. Sperm DNA fragmentation testing may help reduce the number of infertility cases deemed \u201cunexplained.\u201d Here\u2019s how.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-could-sperm-dna-fragmentation-testing-hold-the-key-to-explaining-unexplained-infertility\"><span id=\"could-sperm-dna-fragmentation-testing-hold-the-key-to-explaining-unexplained-infertility\">Could sperm DNA fragmentation testing hold the key to explaining unexplained infertility?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Normal sperm DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material of the cell) is <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC5182232\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">necessary<\/a> for successful fertilization, implantation, and embryo development [6]. Sperm are formed inside the testicles (also known as testes), and multiple causes may lead to sperm DNA damage inside the testicles <em>or<\/em> anywhere along the male reproductive tract. Sperm DNA damage occurring <em>inside<\/em> the testes may result from problems with sperm maturation or from problems with apoptosis (programmed cell death to prevent the formation of defective sperm). Sperm DNA damage sustained elsewhere in the male reproductive tract occurs from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/oxidative-stress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">oxidative stress<\/a> (an imbalance between antioxidants and free radicals in the body).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Known risk factors for sperm DNA fragmentation (whether of single strand or double strand DNA) include age, <a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/varicocele\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">varicoceles<\/a>, genitourinary infections such as prostatitis, reproductive cancer, obesity, smoking, alcohol, testicular hyperthermia (caused by physical abnormalities or by exposure to high heat as from frequent sauna use or occupations like firefighting, welding, etc.), and, as <a href=\"https:\/\/rbej.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12958-025-01454-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">recently discovered<\/a>, metabolic syndrome or insulin resistance [7].&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Known risk factors for sperm DNA fragmentation (whether of single strand or double strand DNA) include age, varicoceles, genitourinary infections such as prostatitis, reproductive cancer, obesity, smoking, alcohol, testicular hyperthermia (caused by physical abnormalities or by exposure to high heat as from frequent sauna use or occupations like firefighting, welding, etc.), and, as recently discovered, metabolic syndrome or insulin resistance.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For over 25 years now, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/endocrinology\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1520835\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">research<\/a> has linked sperm DNA damage with reduced fertility, including increased failure of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and intrauterine insemination (IUI), and recurrent miscarriages.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-sperm-dna-fragmentation-testing-isn-t-for-every-infertile-male-body-nbsp\"><span id=\"sperm-dna-fragmentation-testing-isnt-for-every-infertile-male-body\">Sperm DNA fragmentation testing isn\u2019t for every (infertile male) body&nbsp;<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.asrm.org\/practice-guidance\/practice-committee-documents\/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-infertility-in-men-auaasrm-guideline-part-i-2020\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">guideline<\/a> for the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.asrm.org\/about-us\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">American Society for Reproductive Medicine<\/a> (ASRM)\u2014the \u201cleading organization worldwide dedicated to to the advancement and practice of the science of reproductive medicine\u201d\u2014<em>does not<\/em> encourage routine sperm DNA fragmentation testing in male infertility workups.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Specifically for couples who experience recurrent miscarriage, though, ASRM recommends, \u201cFor couples with [recurrent pregnancy loss] RPL, men should be evaluated with karyotype (Expert Opinion) and sperm DNA fragmentation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-why-asrm-only-recommends-sperm-dna-fragmentation-testing-for-couples-with-recurrent-miscarriage\"><span id=\"why-asrm-only-recommends-sperm-dna-fragmentation-testing-for-couples-with-recurrent-miscarriage\">Why ASRM only recommends sperm DNA fragmentation testing for couples with recurrent miscarriage\u2026<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ASRM\u2019s rationale for both recommendations is found later in the document. Importantly, ASRM acknowledges that \u201cSperm DNA fragmentation may adversely affect the outcome of [assisted reproductive technologies] ART treatments [such as in vitro fertilization, IVF, or intracytoplasmic sperm injection, ICSI] as well as attempts at natural fertility, including an increased miscarriage rate.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Still, ASRM notes, \u201cSince there are no prospective studies that have directly evaluated the impact of DNA fragmentation testing on the clinical management of infertile couples (i.e., that the fertility outcomes of those who had testing are different from those who did not), this assay should not be routinely performed in the initial evaluation of the infertile male.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-even-though-some-causes-of-sperm-dna-fragmentation-are-easily-reversible\"><span id=\"even-though-some-causes-of-sperm-dna-fragmentation-are-easily-reversible\">\u2026even though some causes of sperm DNA fragmentation are \u201ceasily reversible\u201d<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ASRM hints at the potential relevance of sperm DNA fragmentation testing specifically for couples with unexplained infertility. They note \u201cHowever, spermDNA fragmentation may affect male fertility, and some causes of abnormal sperm DNA fragmentation (such as antidepressant use or the presence of genitourinary infection) are easily reversible, whereas others may be managed by use of testicular sperm in selected cases.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>ASRM notes \u201cHowever, spermDNA fragmentation may affect male fertility, and some causes of abnormal sperm DNA fragmentation (such as antidepressant use or the presence of genitourinary infection) are easily reversible, whereas others may be managed by use of testicular sperm in selected cases.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-urologic-and-reproductive-specialists-produced-their-own-evidence-based-clinical-guidelines\"><span id=\"urologic-and-reproductive-specialists-produced-their-own-evidence-based-clinical-guidelines\">Urologic and reproductive specialists produced their own evidence-based clinical guidelines<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Back in 2016, leading urologists (<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC5182232\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Agarwal et al<\/a>., 2016) and researchers from across the globe released guidelines for who specifically might benefit from sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) testing [6]. While ASRM only recommends SDF testing for couples with recurrent miscarriage, Agarwal et al. identified multiple scenarios in which SDF testing would be appropriate based on decades of research.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These include men with varicoceles (whether found on physical exam or via imaging), couples with recurrent miscarriage, couples planning to undergo IUI or IVF, couples with recurrent failed IUI or IVF procedures, couples with recurrent miscarriage after ICSI procedures, men with known environmental exposure to causes of SDF, and couples with unexplained infertility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2020, an even larger group of experts (<a href=\"https:\/\/wjmh.org\/pdf\/10.5534\/wjmh.200128\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Agarwal et al., 2020<\/a>) released updated guidelines with even newer research supporting SDF testing in the above clinical scenarios [8]. They also reviewed the pros and cons of the four main kinds of SDF tests: TUNEL, Comet, SCSA, and SCD. \u00a0Furthermore, they summarized dozens of research studies on the different risk factors for \u201chigh\u201d SDF, with a suggested cutoff value of 20%-30% fragmented DNA in a sperm sample as \u201chigh\u201d SDF, depending on the study.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then in 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8761233\/\">Agarwal et al., 2021<\/a> issued an additional review of the similarities and differences between their 2020 clinical practice guideline recommendations and those of <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7988559\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Esteves et al, 2020<\/a> [2] [9]. The only significant difference between the two was that Agarwal et al. summarized the evidence about more ways to improve high SDF, including oral antioxidant therapy, recurrent ejaculation, varicocelectomy, lifestyle modifications (including quitting smoking and alcohol, losing weight, managing diabetes, and more), among others.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-bottom-line\"><span id=\"the-bottom-line\">The bottom line<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As Natural Womanhood has been <a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/unexplained-infertility-is-not-always-unexplainable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">reporting <\/a>for years, <a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/luteinized-unruptured-follicle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cunexplained\u201d infertility<\/a> is <a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/commonly-asked-questions-about-infertility-an-nw-infertility-faq-causes-treatments-organic-conceptions2020\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">not<\/a> always <a href=\"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/is-there-a-link-between-gluten-consumption-and-infertility-undiagnosed-celiac-disease-cd-unexplained-infertility-2020\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">unexplainable<\/a>. Restorative reproductive medicine practitioners are trained to dig for the root causes of reproductive issues, including infertility. Sperm DNA fragmentation testing may represent an additional tool in their arsenal to treat, rather than override, male infertility and restore health in both men and women.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-references\"><span id=\"references\">References<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1] Leslie SW, Soon-Sutton TL, Khan MAB. Male Infertility. [Updated 2024 Feb 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK562258\/&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[2] Agarwal A, Farkouh A, Parekh N, Zini A, Arafa M, Kandil H, Tadros N, Busetto GM, Ambar R, Parekattil S, Boitrelle F, Sallam H, Jindal S, Ko E, Simopoulou M, Park HJ, Sadighi MA, Saleh R, Ramsay J, Martinez M, Elbardisi H, Alvarez J, Colpi G, Gosalvez J, Evenson D, Shah R. Sperm DNA Fragmentation: A Critical Assessment of Clinical Practice Guidelines. World J Mens Health. 2022 Jan;40(1):30-37. doi: 10.5534\/wjmh.210056. Epub 2021 Apr 21. PMID: 33988000; PMCID: PMC8761233.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[3] Ding J, Shang X, Zhang Z, Jing H, Shao J, Fei Q, Rayburn ER, Li H. FDA-approved medications that impair human spermatogenesis. Oncotarget. 2017 Feb 7;8(6):10714-10725. doi: 10.18632\/oncotarget.12956. PMID: 27801671; PMCID: PMC5354694.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[4] Boitrelle F, Shah R, Saleh R, Henkel R, Kandil H, Chung E, Vogiatzi P, Zini A, Arafa M, Agarwal A. The Sixth Edition of the WHO Manual for Human Semen Analysis: A Critical Review and SWOT Analysis. Life (Basel). 2021 Dec 9;11(12):1368. doi: 10.3390\/life11121368. PMID: 34947899; PMCID: PMC8706130.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[5] Tadros NN, Sabanegh E Jr. Commentary on clinical utility of sperm DNA fragmentation testing: Practice Recommendations of Sperm DNA Fragmentation Testing: Expert Commentaries by Invited Authors and Replies by Guest Editors Contributors from North America. Transl Androl Urol. 2017 Sep;6(Suppl 4):S374-S376. doi: 10.21037\/tau.2017.01.16. PMID: 29082147; PMCID: PMC5643698.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[6] Agarwal A, Majzoub A, Esteves SC, Ko E, Ramasamy R, Zini A. Clinical utility of sperm DNA fragmentation testing: practice recommendations based on clinical scenarios. Transl Androl Urol. 2016 Dec;5(6):935-950. doi: 10.21037\/tau.2016.10.03. PMID: 28078226; PMCID: PMC5182232.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-references-continued\"><span id=\"references-continued\">References Continued&#8230;<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[7] Rong, J., Leng, X., Jiang, K. et al. Systemic impacts of diabetes on spermatogenesis and intervention strategies: multilayered mechanism analysis and cutting-edge therapeutic approaches. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 23, 122 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12958-025-01454-4&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[8] Agarwal A, Majzoub A, Baskaran S, Panner Selvam MK, Cho CL, Henkel R, Finelli R, Leisegang K, Sengupta P, Barbarosie C, Parekh N, Alves MG, Ko E, Arafa M, Tadros N, Ramasamy R, Kavoussi P, Ambar R, Kuchakulla M, Robert KA, Iovine C, Durairajanayagam D, Jindal S, Shah R. Sperm DNA Fragmentation: A New Guideline for Clinicians. World J Mens Health. 2020 Oct;38(4):412-471. doi: 10.5534\/wjmh.200128. Epub 2020 Aug 6. PMID: 32777871; PMCID: PMC7502318.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[9] Esteves SC, Zini A, Coward RM, Evenson DP, Gos\u00e1lvez J, Lewis SEM, Sharma R, Humaidan P. Sperm DNA fragmentation testing: Summary evidence and clinical practice recommendations. Andrologia. 2021 Mar;53(2):e13874. doi: 10.1111\/and.13874. Epub 2020 Oct 27. PMID: 33108829; PMCID: PMC7988559.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u00bfEs esta la herramienta que les falta a algunas parejas?","protected":false},"author":85,"featured_media":24520,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","csco_singular_sidebar":"","csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_post_video_location":[],"csco_post_video_url":"","csco_post_video_bg_start_time":0,"csco_post_video_bg_end_time":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5368],"tags":[5721],"class_list":["post-24519","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-infertility","tag-male-infertility","cs-entry","cs-video-wrap"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.9 (Yoast SEO v27.9) - 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