{"id":16931,"date":"2023-02-10T12:49:45","date_gmt":"2023-02-10T18:49:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/?p=16931"},"modified":"2024-10-16T10:32:05","modified_gmt":"2024-10-16T15:32:05","slug":"bajo-recuento-de-espermatozoides-crisis-de-fertilidad-masculina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/es\/low-sperm-counts-male-fertility-crisis\/","title":{"rendered":"Infertilidad masculina: \u00bfes importante un recuento bajo de espermatozoides?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Sperm counts in human males have been dropping worldwide for years<\/a>, but how big a problem is that? In a 2021 GQ<\/em> article<\/a>, epidemiologist Shanna Swan discussed a 2017 meta-analysis she co-authored that studied trends in the sperm counts of nearly 43,000 men in order to answer this question. The analysis found that the average sperm count per milliliter of semen had dropped over 50% since 1973. Because \u201c[s]perm counts are really low in many places in the world,\u201d Swan believes, \u201cpeople should be very concerned.\u201d In her book Count Down: How Our Modern World is Threatening Sperm Counts, Altering Male and Female Development, and Imperiling the Future of the Human Race<\/em><\/a>, she called falling sperm counts \u201ca global existential crisis.\u201d In the GQ<\/em> interview, Swan further explained how various chemicals and toxins in our man-made environment (such as phthalates<\/a>) negatively impact fertility in both men and women. In men, exposure to certain chemicals can decrease testosterone production, and thereby decrease sperm count.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A skeptic\u2019s response to the \u201cmale fertility crisis\u201d<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In stark contrast to Swan\u2019s doomsday-report, a 2021 analysis of her study in The New York Times<\/em> asserted that decreased sperm counts do not automatically translate to decreased fertility, and claimed that falling global sperm counts are no cause for concern<\/a>. Science journalist Rachel E. Gross implied that fertility concerns were overblown, and expressed frustration with men \u201cwax[ing] poetic on the contents of their testes.\u201d Because Swan\u2019s study excluded women, Gross opined that it failed to contextualize the real-world impact of low sperm counts in the bigger picture of a couple\u2019s overall fertility since \u201cfocusing only on the male leaves out key interactions between sperm, the female reproductive tract, and the egg.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Whether or not the decline in sperm counts qualifies as a global health crisis is a debate which journalists, scientists, and policymakers will hash out as they continue to analyze the data, although many scientists do seem to think<\/a> this is a legitimate cause for global concern [1]. One real-world indicator of just how impactful decreased sperm counts are for men\u2019s fertility is the percentage of cases when male factors play a role in a couple\u2019s infertility. How often might male infertility be the primary reason a couple can\u2019t conceive?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How often does male infertility play a role in a couple\u2019s inability to conceive?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Historically, exploration of male factors was often overlooked when couples struggled with infertility. Traditionally, women have shouldered the burden of infertility testing and diagnosis (if not outright blame), and the ensuing treatments to correct any issues. But the reality is that at least 40% of infertile cases<\/a> are estimated to be due to male infertility, and some<\/a> researchers estimate that number is even higher. Both men\u2019s and<\/em> women\u2019s fertility health, then, should be safeguarded and studied to increase and sustain a couple\u2019s natural fertility [2]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Let\u2019s review what we mean by male \u201cinfertility,\u201d along with its symptoms and root causes. In a separate article [LINK], we\u2019ll cover treatment options, paying special attention to those that may be more natural and less invasive than surgery or other invasive medical procedures. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

How is male infertility defined?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Male infertility is defined by Stanford Health<\/a> as \u201ca disease of the reproductive system that impairs the body’s ability to perform the basic function of reproduction.\u201d In men, reproductive function is analyzed<\/a> by reproductive physiologists in terms of the quality and quantity of the sperm. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sperm quality <\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Quality of the sperm has to do with both morphology (shape) and motility (forward movement). Shape-wise, sperm should have an oval head and a long tail. Although it is not uncommon to have a high number of misshapen sperm in a typical sample<\/a>, morphological defects can affect the ability of the sperm to penetrate the egg. DNA is also included in sperm quality analysis, and certain supplements and nutrients can improve DNA integrity<\/a> in sperm [3]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sperm motility refers to sperm\u2019s ability to \u201cgo the distance,\u201d traveling from the testicles to the penis and, after sex, through the woman\u2019s vagina, cervix, and uterus to a Fallopian tube for fertilization. This 2022 scientific review<\/a> of male reproductive physiology and factors affecting male fertility noted, \u201camong all the semen parameters, sperm motility is considered to be a strong predictive marker of male fertility potential\u201d [4]. The role of sperm motility is so significant that it\u2019s been shown<\/a> to be predictive of successful conception and<\/em> live birth rates in IVF procedures [5]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sperm quantity <\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Quantity refers to the number of sperm per milliliter of semen. Normal count ranges from 60-120 million sperm per milliliter. This seems like a lot of sperm, and in fact, it\u2019s a higher number than we might intuitively think, given that only one sperm is needed to fertilize an egg. This is perhaps why the author of The New York Times<\/em> article mentioned above took such offense at the idea of a male fertility \u201ccrisis,\u201d even as average sperm counts decline worldwide. However, we know that our bodies are designed very specifically, and there is a reason why men ejaculate millions of sperm in one go. Marilyn M. Shannon, in her book Fertility, Cycles & Nutrition<\/em> explains this well: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

When the sperm count drops \u2018only\u2019 to 15-20 million per milliliter, the man is usually [functionally] infertile. These numbers seem to be necessary to overcome the acidic environment of the vagina, to compensate for loss as sperm migrate through the female reproductive tract, and to provide for adequate numbers if ovulation occurs two or three days after intercourse. Dozens of sperm must arrive in the vicinity of the ovum to chemically digest its covering before the nucleus of a single sperm can fuse to the nucleus of the ovum, the event that begins the life of a new individual.1<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

So there you have it: Quite a bit of sperm can still be present in a man\u2019s semen, even if it\u2019s not \u201cenough\u201d to make him functionally infertile; the sperm count has to be high enough to combat all of the complex, complicated factors that go into the process of conceiving a child. After all, many natural functions<\/a> have to be operating normally in both the man\u2019s and the woman\u2019s body for conception to be possible. A man\u2019s body naturally compensates for this phenomenon by sending as much sperm as possible into each ejaculation; hence, a decrease in sperm count may be a real cause for concern\u2013especially on a societal level. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Other factors that can impact male fertility<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Various causes<\/a> ranging from hormone imbalance (such as low testosterone) to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) to enlarged testicular veins (known as varicocele<\/a>) can impact both the formation and the number of sperm produced by the testicles. Sometimes the sperm can be \u201cblocked\u201d from moving where they need to go, either because seminal fluid is too thick or because of natural blockages in the vas deferens (or even a complete lack of the vas deferens  altogether, which can happen to men with cystic fibrosis<\/a>), or because of erectile dysfunction. Prior surgeries, medications, chromosome defects, and tumors (both malignant and benign) can also affect fertility<\/a>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lifestyle impacts on male fertility<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

During her GQ <\/em>interview mentioned above, epidemiologist Shanna Swan discussed the role endocrine disruptors can play in male fertility. More research is needed to confirm the extent to which endocrine disruptors impact fertility, but this study<\/a> acknowledges that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) \u201cinterfere with the production, release, transport, metabolism, binding, or elimination of natural hormones in the body,\u201d which in turn can impact the reproductive system [6]. EDCs are found in pesticides, herbicides, plastics, and pharmaceuticals, to name just a few sources of these seemingly ubiquitous chemicals, and thus it is likely that most people encounter EDCs throughout their lifetime. In fact, some data suggests that EDCs and other chemicals can affect the reproductive development of babies in the womb<\/a> [7].  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obesity is another lifestyle factor impacting male fertility. Although more research needs to be done to examine the relationship between obesity and a couple\u2019s infertility, higher BMI correlates with lower sperm count<\/a> [8]. Obesity can also increase sperm DNA damage<\/a> (read: sperm quality damage) and is associated with<\/a> low sperm count (oligozoospermia) and no sperm (azoospermia) [9][10]. Other lifestyle choices that can affect fertility are excessive exercise, which can increase oxidative stress<\/a> and thus damage the sperm and the sperm DNA, overheating<\/a> of the groin area (from a sedentary lifestyle, for example, or for men in certain occupations such as firefighters and welders), some medications<\/a>, and smoking<\/a> [11][4][12]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The bottom line<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

It\u2019s possible that both those researchers sounding the alarm about low sperm counts, as well as those pooh-poohing them as mere sensationalism, are missing the bigger picture. Certainly, there are logical reasons that low sperm counts could have real-life impacts on male fertility, and consequently, a couple\u2019s combined fertility. But sperm counts, or quantity, are one facet of the bigger picture of male fertility factors, alongside sperm quality and sperm motility. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fortunately, hope for positive improvement is within our grasp.The significant role lifestyle factors appear to play in sperm health is actually a good thing, because this means something can likely be done about it. In this article<\/a>, I cover what that \u201csomething\u201d or \u201csome things\u201d could be.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

References:<\/p>\n\n\n\n[1] Levine H, et al. \u201cMale reproductive health statement (XIIIth international symposium on Spermatology, may 9th-12th 2018, Stockholm, Sweden.\u201d Basic Clin Androl<\/em>. vol. 28 (2018):13. doi: 10.1186\/s12610-018-0077-z. PMID: 30397480; PMCID: PMC6205799. <\/p>\n\n\n\n[2] Schlegel, P N. \u201cEvaluation of male infertility.\u201d Minerva ginecologica<\/em> vol. 61,4 (2009): 261-83.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[3] Song, Gyun Jee et al. \u201cRelationship between seminal ascorbic acid and sperm DNA integrity in infertile men.\u201d International journal of andrology<\/em> vol. 29,6 (2006): 569-75. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2006.00700.x<\/p>\n\n\n\n[4] Dcunha R, et al. \u201cCurrent Insights and Latest Updates in Sperm Motility and Associated Applications in Assisted Reproduction.\u201d Reprod Sci<\/em>. vol.29, no. (2022) :pp. 7-25. doi: 10.1007\/s43032-020-00408-y. Epub 2020 Dec 7. PMID: 33289064; PMCID: PMC7721202.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[5] Villani MT, et al. \u201cAre sperm parameters able to predict the success of assisted reproductive technology? A retrospective analysis of over 22,000 assisted reproductive technology cycles.\u201d Andrology<\/em> vol. 10, no. 2 (2022):pp. 310-21. doi: 10.1111\/andr.13123. Epub 2021 Nov 12. PMID: 34723422; PMCID: PMC9298690.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[6] Jeng HA. \u201cExposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and male reproductive health.\u201d Front Public Health<\/em>, vol.5, no. 2 (2014): 55. doi: 10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00055. PMID: 24926476; PMCID: PMC4046332.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[7] Marques-Pinto A, Carvalho D. \u201cHuman infertility: are endocrine disruptors to blame?\u201d Endocr Connect, <\/em>vol. 17, no. 2(2013):R15-29. doi: 10.1530\/EC-13-0036. PMID: 23985363; PMCID: PMC3845732.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[8] Sallm\u00e9n, Markku et al. \u201cReduced fertility among overweight and obese men.\u201d Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)<\/em> vol. 17,5 (2006): pp. 520-3. doi:10.1097\/01.ede.0000229953.76862.e5<\/p>\n\n\n\n[9] Dupont C, et al. \u201cObesity leads to higher risk of sperm DNA damage in infertile patients.\u201d Asian J Androl<\/em> vol. 15, no. 5 (2013):pp. 622-5. doi: 10.1038\/aja.2013.65. Epub 2013 Jun 24. PMID: 23792341; PMCID: PMC3881654.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[10] Sermondade, N et al. \u201cBMI in relation to sperm count: an updated systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis.\u201d Human reproduction update<\/em> vol. 19,3 (2013): pp. 221-31. doi:10.1093\/humupd\/dms050<\/p>\n\n\n\n[11] Tremellen, Kelton. \u201cOxidative stress and male infertility–a clinical perspective.\u201d Human reproduction update<\/em> vol. 14,3 (2008): pp. 243-58. doi:10.1093\/humupd\/dmn004<\/p>\n\n\n\n[12] Kovac, Jason R et al. \u201cThe effects of cigarette smoking on male fertility.\u201d Postgraduate medicine<\/em> vol. 127,3 (2015): pp. 338-41. doi:10.1080\/00325481.2015.1015928 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Additional Reading:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How FAM can help a couple with male infertility to conceive<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why we really need better options for treating male infertility<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The affordable, effective alternative to IVF no one talks about<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

FAM Basics: Testosterone<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"El recuento de espermatozoides en los varones lleva a\u00f1os descendiendo en todo el mundo, pero \u00bfhasta qu\u00e9 punto es un problema?...","protected":false},"author":100,"featured_media":16932,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","csco_singular_sidebar":"","csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_post_video_location":[],"csco_post_video_url":"","csco_post_video_bg_start_time":0,"csco_post_video_bg_end_time":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5368,5181],"tags":[5429,5433,5721],"class_list":{"0":"post-16931","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-infertility","8":"category-reproductive-and-menstrual-disorders","9":"tag-fertility-awareness-for-men","10":"tag-fitness-and-nutrition","11":"tag-male-infertility","12":"cs-entry","13":"cs-video-wrap"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLow sperm counts: is there a male fertility crisis?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Low sperm counts are making headlines, but do they really indicate a male fertility crisis? 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She graduated with a bachelor\u2019s degree in liberal arts from Wyoming Catholic College, where she also received extensive outdoor education in Wyoming\u2019s wild mountain ranges. Experiential education, Socratic dialogue, and living naturally have been passions for her ever since, leading her both to teaching in classical schools for six years and now to writing for Natural Womanhood. Clare loves reading, perfecting her sourdough bread baking skills, playing piano, and being outside. 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Se licenci\u00f3 en Artes Liberales por el Wyoming Catholic College, donde tambi\u00e9n recibi\u00f3 una amplia formaci\u00f3n al aire libre en las salvajes cordilleras de Wyoming. La educaci\u00f3n experiencial, el di\u00e1logo socr\u00e1tico y la vida natural han sido sus pasiones desde entonces, lo que la ha llevado a ense\u00f1ar en escuelas cl\u00e1sicas durante seis a\u00f1os y ahora a escribir para Natural Womanhood. A Clare le encanta leer, perfeccionar sus habilidades para hornear pan de masa fermentada, tocar el piano y estar al aire libre. Vive con su marido y sus dos hijas peque\u00f1as en Steubenville, Ohio.","url":"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/es\/author\/csharp\/"}]}},"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":5368,"label":"Infertility"},{"value":5181,"label":"Reproductive and Menstrual Health Issues"}],"post_tag":[{"value":5429,"label":"Fertility Awareness for Men"},{"value":5433,"label":"Fitness and nutrition"},{"value":5721,"label":"male infertility"}]},"featured_image_src_large":["https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/AdobeStock_181482062-1024x585.jpeg",1024,585,true],"author_info":{"display_name":"Clare Sharp","author_link":"https:\/\/naturalwomanhood.org\/es\/author\/csharp\/"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":5368,"name":"Infertility","slug":"infertility","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":5368,"taxonomy":"category","description":"Infertility is devastating. 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